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:mod:`test` --- Regression tests package for Python
===================================================
.. module:: test
:synopsis: Regression tests package containing the testing suite for Python.
.. sectionauthor:: Brett Cannon <brett@python.org>
.. note::
The :mod:`test` package is meant for internal use by Python only. It is
documented for the benefit of the core developers of Python. Any use of
this package outside of Python's standard library is discouraged as code
mentioned here can change or be removed without notice between releases of
Python.
The :mod:`test` package contains all regression tests for Python as well as the
modules :mod:`test.test_support` and :mod:`test.regrtest`.
:mod:`test.test_support` is used to enhance your tests while
:mod:`test.regrtest` drives the testing suite.
Each module in the :mod:`test` package whose name starts with ``test_`` is a
testing suite for a specific module or feature. All new tests should be written
using the :mod:`unittest` or :mod:`doctest` module. Some older tests are
written using a "traditional" testing style that compares output printed to
``sys.stdout``; this style of test is considered deprecated.
.. seealso::
Module :mod:`unittest`
Writing PyUnit regression tests.
Module :mod:`doctest`
Tests embedded in documentation strings.
.. _writing-tests:
Writing Unit Tests for the :mod:`test` package
----------------------------------------------
It is preferred that tests that use the :mod:`unittest` module follow a few
guidelines. One is to name the test module by starting it with ``test_`` and end
it with the name of the module being tested. The test methods in the test module
should start with ``test_`` and end with a description of what the method is
testing. This is needed so that the methods are recognized by the test driver as
test methods. Also, no documentation string for the method should be included. A
comment (such as ``# Tests function returns only True or False``) should be used
to provide documentation for test methods. This is done because documentation
strings get printed out if they exist and thus what test is being run is not
stated.
A basic boilerplate is often used::
import unittest
from test import test_support
class MyTestCase1(unittest.TestCase):
# Only use setUp() and tearDown() if necessary
def setUp(self):
... code to execute in preparation for tests ...
def tearDown(self):
... code to execute to clean up after tests ...
def test_feature_one(self):
# Test feature one.
... testing code ...
def test_feature_two(self):
# Test feature two.
... testing code ...
... more test methods ...
class MyTestCase2(unittest.TestCase):
... same structure as MyTestCase1 ...
... more test classes ...
def test_main():
test_support.run_unittest(MyTestCase1,
MyTestCase2,
... list other tests ...
)
if __name__ == '__main__':
test_main()
This boilerplate code allows the testing suite to be run by :mod:`test.regrtest`
as well as on its own as a script.
The goal for regression testing is to try to break code. This leads to a few
guidelines to be followed:
* The testing suite should exercise all classes, functions, and constants. This
includes not just the external API that is to be presented to the outside world
but also "private" code.
* Whitebox testing (examining the code being tested when the tests are being
written) is preferred. Blackbox testing (testing only the published user
interface) is not complete enough to make sure all boundary and edge cases are
tested.
* Make sure all possible values are tested including invalid ones. This makes
sure that not only all valid values are acceptable but also that improper values
are handled correctly.
* Exhaust as many code paths as possible. Test where branching occurs and thus
tailor input to make sure as many different paths through the code are taken.
* Add an explicit test for any bugs discovered for the tested code. This will
make sure that the error does not crop up again if the code is changed in the
future.
* Make sure to clean up after your tests (such as close and remove all temporary
files).
* If a test is dependent on a specific condition of the operating system then
verify the condition already exists before attempting the test.
* Import as few modules as possible and do it as soon as possible. This
minimizes external dependencies of tests and also minimizes possible anomalous
behavior from side-effects of importing a module.
* Try to maximize code reuse. On occasion, tests will vary by something as small
as what type of input is used. Minimize code duplication by subclassing a basic
test class with a class that specifies the input::
class TestFuncAcceptsSequences(unittest.TestCase):
func = mySuperWhammyFunction
def test_func(self):
self.func(self.arg)
class AcceptLists(TestFuncAcceptsSequences):
arg = [1,2,3]
class AcceptStrings(TestFuncAcceptsSequences):
arg = 'abc'
class AcceptTuples(TestFuncAcceptsSequences):
arg = (1,2,3)
.. seealso::
Test Driven Development
A book by Kent Beck on writing tests before code.
.. _regrtest:
Running tests using :mod:`test.regrtest`
----------------------------------------
:mod:`test.regrtest` can be used as a script to drive Python's regression test
suite. Running the script by itself automatically starts running all regression
tests in the :mod:`test` package. It does this by finding all modules in the
package whose name starts with ``test_``, importing them, and executing the
function :func:`test_main` if present. The names of tests to execute may also be
passed to the script. Specifying a single regression test (:program:`python
regrtest.py` :option:`test_spam.py`) will minimize output and only print whether
the test passed or failed and thus minimize output.
Running :mod:`test.regrtest` directly allows what resources are available for
tests to use to be set. You do this by using the :option:`-u` command-line
option. Run :program:`python regrtest.py` :option:`-uall` to turn on all
resources; specifying :option:`all` as an option for :option:`-u` enables all
possible resources. If all but one resource is desired (a more common case), a
comma-separated list of resources that are not desired may be listed after
:option:`all`. The command :program:`python regrtest.py`
:option:`-uall,-audio,-largefile` will run :mod:`test.regrtest` with all
resources except the :option:`audio` and :option:`largefile` resources. For a
list of all resources and more command-line options, run :program:`python
regrtest.py` :option:`-h`.
Some other ways to execute the regression tests depend on what platform the
tests are being executed on. On Unix, you can run :program:`make` :option:`test`
at the top-level directory where Python was built. On Windows, executing
:program:`rt.bat` from your :file:`PCBuild` directory will run all regression
tests.
:mod:`test.test_support` --- Utility functions for tests
========================================================
.. module:: test.test_support
:synopsis: Support for Python regression tests.
.. note::
The :mod:`test.test_support` module has been renamed to :mod:`test.support`
in Python 3.x.
The :mod:`test.test_support` module provides support for Python's regression
tests.
This module defines the following exceptions:
.. exception:: TestFailed
Exception to be raised when a test fails. This is deprecated in favor of
:mod:`unittest`\ -based tests and :class:`unittest.TestCase`'s assertion
methods.
.. exception:: TestSkipped
Subclass of :exc:`TestFailed`. Raised when a test is skipped. This occurs when a
needed resource (such as a network connection) is not available at the time of
testing.
.. exception:: ResourceDenied
Subclass of :exc:`TestSkipped`. Raised when a resource (such as a network
connection) is not available. Raised by the :func:`requires` function.
The :mod:`test.test_support` module defines the following constants:
.. data:: verbose
:const:`True` when verbose output is enabled. Should be checked when more
detailed information is desired about a running test. *verbose* is set by
:mod:`test.regrtest`.
.. data:: have_unicode
:const:`True` when Unicode support is available.
.. data:: is_jython
:const:`True` if the running interpreter is Jython.
.. data:: TESTFN
Set to the path that a temporary file may be created at. Any temporary that is
created should be closed and unlinked (removed).
The :mod:`test.test_support` module defines the following functions:
.. function:: forget(module_name)
Removes the module named *module_name* from ``sys.modules`` and deletes any
byte-compiled files of the module.
.. function:: is_resource_enabled(resource)
Returns :const:`True` if *resource* is enabled and available. The list of
available resources is only set when :mod:`test.regrtest` is executing the
tests.
.. function:: requires(resource[, msg])
Raises :exc:`ResourceDenied` if *resource* is not available. *msg* is the
argument to :exc:`ResourceDenied` if it is raised. Always returns true if called
by a function whose ``__name__`` is ``'__main__'``. Used when tests are executed
by :mod:`test.regrtest`.
.. function:: findfile(filename)
Return the path to the file named *filename*. If no match is found *filename* is
returned. This does not equal a failure since it could be the path to the file.
.. function:: run_unittest(*classes)
Execute :class:`unittest.TestCase` subclasses passed to the function. The
function scans the classes for methods starting with the prefix ``test_`` and
executes the tests individually.
It is also legal to pass strings as parameters; these should be keys in
``sys.modules``. Each associated module will be scanned by
``unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule()``. This is usually seen in the
following :func:`test_main` function::
def test_main():
test_support.run_unittest(__name__)
This will run all tests defined in the named module.
.. function:: check_warnings()
A convenience wrapper for ``warnings.catch_warnings()`` that makes
it easier to test that a warning was correctly raised with a single
assertion. It is approximately equivalent to calling
``warnings.catch_warnings(record=True)``.
The main difference is that on entry to the context manager, a
:class:`WarningRecorder` instance is returned instead of a simple list.
The underlying warnings list is available via the recorder object's
:attr:`warnings` attribute, while the attributes of the last raised
warning are also accessible directly on the object. If no warning has
been raised, then the latter attributes will all be :const:`None`.
A :meth:`reset` method is also provided on the recorder object. This
method simply clears the warning list.
The context manager is used like this::
with check_warnings() as w:
warnings.simplefilter("always")
warnings.warn("foo")
assert str(w.message) == "foo"
warnings.warn("bar")
assert str(w.message) == "bar"
assert str(w.warnings[0].message) == "foo"
assert str(w.warnings[1].message) == "bar"
w.reset()
assert len(w.warnings) == 0
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. function:: captured_stdout()
This is a context manager that runs the :keyword:`with` statement body using
a :class:`StringIO.StringIO` object as sys.stdout. That object can be
retrieved using the ``as`` clause of the :keyword:`with` statement.
Example use::
with captured_stdout() as s:
print "hello"
assert s.getvalue() == "hello"
.. versionadded:: 2.6
The :mod:`test.test_support` module defines the following classes:
.. class:: TransientResource(exc[, **kwargs])
Instances are a context manager that raises :exc:`ResourceDenied` if the
specified exception type is raised. Any keyword arguments are treated as
attribute/value pairs to be compared against any exception raised within the
:keyword:`with` statement. Only if all pairs match properly against
attributes on the exception is :exc:`ResourceDenied` raised.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. class:: EnvironmentVarGuard()
Class used to temporarily set or unset environment variables. Instances can be
used as a context manager.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: EnvironmentVarGuard.set(envvar, value)
Temporarily set the environment variable ``envvar`` to the value of ``value``.
.. method:: EnvironmentVarGuard.unset(envvar)
Temporarily unset the environment variable ``envvar``.
.. class:: WarningsRecorder()
Class used to record warnings for unit tests. See documentation of
:func:`check_warnings` above for more details.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
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