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<div class="section" id="module-fcntl">
<h1>35.10. <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcntl</span></tt> — The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcntl()</span></tt> and <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ioctl()</span></tt> system calls<a class="headerlink" href="#module-fcntl" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><em>Platforms: </em>Unix</p>
<p id="index-333">This module performs file control and I/O control on file descriptors. It is an
interface to the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcntl()</span></tt> and <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ioctl()</span></tt> Unix routines.</p>
<p>All functions in this module take a file descriptor <em>fd</em> as their first
argument. This can be an integer file descriptor, such as returned by
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdin.fileno()</span></tt>, or a file object, such as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdin</span></tt> itself, which
provides a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">fileno()</span></tt> which returns a genuine file descriptor.</p>
<p>The module defines the following functions:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="fcntl.fcntl">
<tt class="descclassname">fcntl.</tt><tt class="descname">fcntl</tt><big>(</big><em>fd</em>, <em>op</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>arg</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#fcntl.fcntl" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Perform the requested operation on file descriptor <em>fd</em> (file objects providing
a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">fileno()</span></tt> method are accepted as well). The operation is defined by <em>op</em>
and is operating system dependent. These codes are also found in the
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcntl</span></tt> module. The argument <em>arg</em> is optional, and defaults to the integer
value <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt>. When present, it can either be an integer value, or a string.
With the argument missing or an integer value, the return value of this function
is the integer return value of the C <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcntl()</span></tt> call. When the argument is
a string it represents a binary structure, e.g. created by <a title="struct.pack" class="reference external" href="struct.html#struct.pack"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct.pack()</span></tt></a>.
The binary data is copied to a buffer whose address is passed to the C
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcntl()</span></tt> call. The return value after a successful call is the contents
of the buffer, converted to a string object. The length of the returned string
will be the same as the length of the <em>arg</em> argument. This is limited to 1024
bytes. If the information returned in the buffer by the operating system is
larger than 1024 bytes, this is most likely to result in a segmentation
violation or a more subtle data corruption.</p>
<p>If the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcntl()</span></tt> fails, an <a title="exceptions.IOError" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.IOError"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">IOError</span></tt></a> is raised.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="fcntl.ioctl">
<tt class="descclassname">fcntl.</tt><tt class="descname">ioctl</tt><big>(</big><em>fd</em>, <em>op</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>arg</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>mutate_flag</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#fcntl.ioctl" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This function is identical to the <a title="fcntl.fcntl" class="reference internal" href="#fcntl.fcntl"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcntl()</span></tt></a> function, except that the
operations are typically defined in the library module <a title="(Unix) POSIX style tty control." class="reference external" href="termios.html#module-termios"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">termios</span></tt></a> and the
argument handling is even more complicated.</p>
<p>The op parameter is limited to values that can fit in 32-bits.</p>
<p>The parameter <em>arg</em> can be one of an integer, absent (treated identically to the
integer <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt>), an object supporting the read-only buffer interface (most likely
a plain Python string) or an object supporting the read-write buffer interface.</p>
<p>In all but the last case, behaviour is as for the <a title="fcntl.fcntl" class="reference internal" href="#fcntl.fcntl"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcntl()</span></tt></a> function.</p>
<p>If a mutable buffer is passed, then the behaviour is determined by the value of
the <em>mutate_flag</em> parameter.</p>
<p>If it is false, the buffer’s mutability is ignored and behaviour is as for a
read-only buffer, except that the 1024 byte limit mentioned above is avoided –
so long as the buffer you pass is as least as long as what the operating system
wants to put there, things should work.</p>
<p>If <em>mutate_flag</em> is true, then the buffer is (in effect) passed to the
underlying <a title="fcntl.ioctl" class="reference internal" href="#fcntl.ioctl"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ioctl()</span></tt></a> system call, the latter’s return code is passed back to
the calling Python, and the buffer’s new contents reflect the action of the
<a title="fcntl.ioctl" class="reference internal" href="#fcntl.ioctl"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ioctl()</span></tt></a>. This is a slight simplification, because if the supplied buffer
is less than 1024 bytes long it is first copied into a static buffer 1024 bytes
long which is then passed to <a title="fcntl.ioctl" class="reference internal" href="#fcntl.ioctl"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ioctl()</span></tt></a> and copied back into the supplied
buffer.</p>
<p>If <em>mutate_flag</em> is not supplied, then from Python 2.5 it defaults to true,
which is a change from versions 2.3 and 2.4. Supply the argument explicitly if
version portability is a priority.</p>
<p>An example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">array</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">fcntl</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">struct</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">termios</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getpgrp</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">13341</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">struct</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">unpack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'h'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fcntl</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ioctl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">termios</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TIOCGPGRP</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">" "</span><span class="p">))[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="go">13341</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">buf</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'h'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">fcntl</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ioctl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">termios</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TIOCGPGRP</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">0</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">buf</span>
<span class="go">array('h', [13341])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="fcntl.flock">
<tt class="descclassname">fcntl.</tt><tt class="descname">flock</tt><big>(</big><em>fd</em>, <em>op</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#fcntl.flock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Perform the lock operation <em>op</em> on file descriptor <em>fd</em> (file objects providing
a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">fileno()</span></tt> method are accepted as well). See the Unix manual
<em>flock(2)</em> for details. (On some systems, this function is emulated
using <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcntl()</span></tt>.)</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="fcntl.lockf">
<tt class="descclassname">fcntl.</tt><tt class="descname">lockf</tt><big>(</big><em>fd</em>, <em>operation</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>length</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>start</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>whence</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#fcntl.lockf" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is essentially a wrapper around the <a title="fcntl.fcntl" class="reference internal" href="#fcntl.fcntl"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcntl()</span></tt></a> locking calls. <em>fd</em> is
the file descriptor of the file to lock or unlock, and <em>operation</em> is one of the
following values:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">LOCK_UN</span></tt> – unlock</li>
<li><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">LOCK_SH</span></tt> – acquire a shared lock</li>
<li><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">LOCK_EX</span></tt> – acquire an exclusive lock</li>
</ul>
<p>When <em>operation</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">LOCK_SH</span></tt> or <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">LOCK_EX</span></tt>, it can also be
bitwise ORed with <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">LOCK_NB</span></tt> to avoid blocking on lock acquisition.
If <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">LOCK_NB</span></tt> is used and the lock cannot be acquired, an
<a title="exceptions.IOError" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.IOError"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">IOError</span></tt></a> will be raised and the exception will have an <em>errno</em>
attribute set to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">EACCES</span></tt> or <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">EAGAIN</span></tt> (depending on the
operating system; for portability, check for both values). On at least some
systems, <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">LOCK_EX</span></tt> can only be used if the file descriptor refers to a
file opened for writing.</p>
<p><em>length</em> is the number of bytes to lock, <em>start</em> is the byte offset at which the
lock starts, relative to <em>whence</em>, and <em>whence</em> is as with <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">fileobj.seek()</span></tt>,
specifically:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt> – relative to the start of the file (<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">SEEK_SET</span></tt>)</li>
<li><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">1</span></tt> – relative to the current buffer position (<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">SEEK_CUR</span></tt>)</li>
<li><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">2</span></tt> – relative to the end of the file (<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">SEEK_END</span></tt>)</li>
</ul>
<p>The default for <em>start</em> is 0, which means to start at the beginning of the file.
The default for <em>length</em> is 0 which means to lock to the end of the file. The
default for <em>whence</em> is also 0.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>Examples (all on a SVR4 compliant system):</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">struct</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">fcntl</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">rv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fcntl</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fcntl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fcntl</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">F_SETFL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">O_NDELAY</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">lockdata</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">struct</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'hhllhh'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fcntl</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">F_WRLCK</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">rv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fcntl</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fcntl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fcntl</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">F_SETLKW</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">lockdata</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note that in the first example the return value variable <em>rv</em> will hold an
integer value; in the second example it will hold a string value. The structure
lay-out for the <em>lockdata</em> variable is system dependent — therefore using the
<a title="fcntl.flock" class="reference internal" href="#fcntl.flock"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">flock()</span></tt></a> call may be better.</p>
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="last docutils">
<dt>Module <a title="Miscellaneous operating system interfaces." class="reference external" href="os.html#module-os"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">os</span></tt></a></dt>
<dd>If the locking flags <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">O_SHLOCK</span></tt> and <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">O_EXLOCK</span></tt> are present
in the <a title="Miscellaneous operating system interfaces." class="reference external" href="os.html#module-os"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">os</span></tt></a> module (on BSD only), the <a title="os.open" class="reference external" href="os.html#os.open"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.open()</span></tt></a> function
provides an alternative to the <a title="fcntl.lockf" class="reference internal" href="#fcntl.lockf"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">lockf()</span></tt></a> and <a title="fcntl.flock" class="reference internal" href="#fcntl.flock"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">flock()</span></tt></a> functions.</dd>
</dl>
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