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<div class="section" id="module-pwd">
<h1>35.2. <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">pwd</span></tt> — The password database<a class="headerlink" href="#module-pwd" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><em>Platforms: </em>Unix</p>
<p>This module provides access to the Unix user account and password database. It
is available on all Unix versions.</p>
<p>Password database entries are reported as a tuple-like object, whose attributes
correspond to the members of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">passwd</span></tt> structure (Attribute field below,
see <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><pwd.h></span></tt>):</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="14%" />
<col width="29%" />
<col width="57%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head">Index</th>
<th class="head">Attribute</th>
<th class="head">Meaning</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td>0</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pw_name</span></tt></td>
<td>Login name</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>1</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pw_passwd</span></tt></td>
<td>Optional encrypted password</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>2</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pw_uid</span></tt></td>
<td>Numerical user ID</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>3</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pw_gid</span></tt></td>
<td>Numerical group ID</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>4</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pw_gecos</span></tt></td>
<td>User name or comment field</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>5</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pw_dir</span></tt></td>
<td>User home directory</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>6</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pw_shell</span></tt></td>
<td>User command interpreter</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The uid and gid items are integers, all others are strings. <a title="exceptions.KeyError" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyError"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></tt></a> is
raised if the entry asked for cannot be found.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last" id="index-510">In traditional Unix the field <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pw_passwd</span></tt> usually contains a password
encrypted with a DES derived algorithm (see module <a title="(Unix) The crypt() function used to check Unix passwords." class="reference external" href="crypt.html#module-crypt"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">crypt</span></tt></a>). However most
modern unices use a so-called <em>shadow password</em> system. On those unices the
<em>pw_passwd</em> field only contains an asterisk (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'*'</span></tt>) or the letter <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'x'</span></tt>
where the encrypted password is stored in a file <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/etc/shadow</span></tt> which is
not world readable. Whether the <em>pw_passwd</em> field contains anything useful is
system-dependent. If available, the <a title="(Unix) The shadow password database (getspnam() and friends)." class="reference external" href="spwd.html#module-spwd"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">spwd</span></tt></a> module should be used where
access to the encrypted password is required.</p>
</div>
<p>It defines the following items:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="pwd.getpwuid">
<tt class="descclassname">pwd.</tt><tt class="descname">getpwuid</tt><big>(</big><em>uid</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pwd.getpwuid" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the password database entry for the given numeric user ID.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="pwd.getpwnam">
<tt class="descclassname">pwd.</tt><tt class="descname">getpwnam</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pwd.getpwnam" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the password database entry for the given user name.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="pwd.getpwall">
<tt class="descclassname">pwd.</tt><tt class="descname">getpwall</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pwd.getpwall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a list of all available password database entries, in arbitrary order.</dd></dl>
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="last docutils">
<dt>Module <a title="(Unix) The group database (getgrnam() and friends)." class="reference external" href="grp.html#module-grp"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">grp</span></tt></a></dt>
<dd>An interface to the group database, similar to this.</dd>
<dt>Module <a title="(Unix) The shadow password database (getspnam() and friends)." class="reference external" href="spwd.html#module-spwd"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">spwd</span></tt></a></dt>
<dd>An interface to the shadow password database, similar to this.</dd>
</dl>
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