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=head1 NAME
perlunicode - Unicode support in Perl
=head1 DESCRIPTION
=head2 Important Caveats
Unicode support is an extensive requirement. While Perl does not
implement the Unicode standard or the accompanying technical reports
from cover to cover, Perl does support many Unicode features.
People who want to learn to use Unicode in Perl, should probably read
L<the Perl Unicode tutorial, perlunitut|perlunitut>, before reading
this reference document.
=over 4
=item Input and Output Layers
Perl knows when a filehandle uses Perl's internal Unicode encodings
(UTF-8, or UTF-EBCDIC if in EBCDIC) if the filehandle is opened with
the ":utf8" layer. Other encodings can be converted to Perl's
encoding on input or from Perl's encoding on output by use of the
":encoding(...)" layer. See L<open>.
To indicate that Perl source itself is in UTF-8, use C<use utf8;>.
=item Regular Expressions
The regular expression compiler produces polymorphic opcodes. That is,
the pattern adapts to the data and automatically switches to the Unicode
character scheme when presented with data that is internally encoded in
UTF-8 -- or instead uses a traditional byte scheme when presented with
byte data.
=item C<use utf8> still needed to enable UTF-8/UTF-EBCDIC in scripts
As a compatibility measure, the C<use utf8> pragma must be explicitly
included to enable recognition of UTF-8 in the Perl scripts themselves
(in string or regular expression literals, or in identifier names) on
ASCII-based machines or to recognize UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC-based
machines. B<These are the only times when an explicit C<use utf8>
is needed.> See L<utf8>.
=item BOM-marked scripts and UTF-16 scripts autodetected
If a Perl script begins marked with the Unicode BOM (UTF-16LE, UTF16-BE,
or UTF-8), or if the script looks like non-BOM-marked UTF-16 of either
endianness, Perl will correctly read in the script as Unicode.
(BOMless UTF-8 cannot be effectively recognized or differentiated from
ISO 8859-1 or other eight-bit encodings.)
=item C<use encoding> needed to upgrade non-Latin-1 byte strings
By default, there is a fundamental asymmetry in Perl's Unicode model:
implicit upgrading from byte strings to Unicode strings assumes that
they were encoded in I<ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1)>, but Unicode strings are
downgraded with UTF-8 encoding. This happens because the first 256
codepoints in Unicode happens to agree with Latin-1.
See L</"Byte and Character Semantics"> for more details.
=back
=head2 Byte and Character Semantics
Beginning with version 5.6, Perl uses logically-wide characters to
represent strings internally.
In future, Perl-level operations will be expected to work with
characters rather than bytes.
However, as an interim compatibility measure, Perl aims to
provide a safe migration path from byte semantics to character
semantics for programs. For operations where Perl can unambiguously
decide that the input data are characters, Perl switches to
character semantics. For operations where this determination cannot
be made without additional information from the user, Perl decides in
favor of compatibility and chooses to use byte semantics.
Under byte semantics, when C<use locale> is in effect, Perl uses the
semantics associated with the current locale. Absent a C<use locale>, Perl
currently uses US-ASCII (or Basic Latin in Unicode terminology) byte semantics,
meaning that characters whose ordinal numbers are in the range 128 - 255 are
undefined except for their ordinal numbers. This means that none have case
(upper and lower), nor are any a member of character classes, like C<[:alpha:]>
or C<\w>.
(But all do belong to the C<\W> class or the Perl regular expression extension
C<[:^alpha:]>.)
This behavior preserves compatibility with earlier versions of Perl,
which allowed byte semantics in Perl operations only if
none of the program's inputs were marked as being as source of Unicode
character data. Such data may come from filehandles, from calls to
external programs, from information provided by the system (such as %ENV),
or from literals and constants in the source text.
The C<bytes> pragma will always, regardless of platform, force byte
semantics in a particular lexical scope. See L<bytes>.
The C<utf8> pragma is primarily a compatibility device that enables
recognition of UTF-(8|EBCDIC) in literals encountered by the parser.
Note that this pragma is only required while Perl defaults to byte
semantics; when character semantics become the default, this pragma
may become a no-op. See L<utf8>.
Unless explicitly stated, Perl operators use character semantics
for Unicode data and byte semantics for non-Unicode data.
The decision to use character semantics is made transparently. If
input data comes from a Unicode source--for example, if a character
encoding layer is added to a filehandle or a literal Unicode
string constant appears in a program--character semantics apply.
Otherwise, byte semantics are in effect. The C<bytes> pragma should
be used to force byte semantics on Unicode data.
If strings operating under byte semantics and strings with Unicode
character data are concatenated, the new string will have
character semantics. This can cause surprises: See L</BUGS>, below
Under character semantics, many operations that formerly operated on
bytes now operate on characters. A character in Perl is
logically just a number ranging from 0 to 2**31 or so. Larger
characters may encode into longer sequences of bytes internally, but
this internal detail is mostly hidden for Perl code.
See L<perluniintro> for more.
=head2 Effects of Character Semantics
Character semantics have the following effects:
=over 4
=item *
Strings--including hash keys--and regular expression patterns may
contain characters that have an ordinal value larger than 255.
If you use a Unicode editor to edit your program, Unicode characters may
occur directly within the literal strings in UTF-8 encoding, or UTF-16.
(The former requires a BOM or C<use utf8>, the latter requires a BOM.)
Unicode characters can also be added to a string by using the C<\x{...}>
notation. The Unicode code for the desired character, in hexadecimal,
should be placed in the braces. For instance, a smiley face is
C<\x{263A}>. This encoding scheme works for all characters, but
for characters under 0x100, note that Perl may use an 8 bit encoding
internally, for optimization and/or backward compatibility.
Additionally, if you
use charnames ':full';
you can use the C<\N{...}> notation and put the official Unicode
character name within the braces, such as C<\N{WHITE SMILING FACE}>.
=item *
If an appropriate L<encoding> is specified, identifiers within the
Perl script may contain Unicode alphanumeric characters, including
ideographs. Perl does not currently attempt to canonicalize variable
names.
=item *
Regular expressions match characters instead of bytes. "." matches
a character instead of a byte.
=item *
Character classes in regular expressions match characters instead of
bytes and match against the character properties specified in the
Unicode properties database. C<\w> can be used to match a Japanese
ideograph, for instance.
=item *
Named Unicode properties, scripts, and block ranges may be used like
character classes via the C<\p{}> "matches property" construct and
the C<\P{}> negation, "doesn't match property".
See L</"Unicode Character Properties"> for more details.
You can define your own character properties and use them
in the regular expression with the C<\p{}> or C<\P{}> construct.
See L</"User-Defined Character Properties"> for more details.
=item *
The special pattern C<\X> matches any extended Unicode
sequence--"a combining character sequence" in Standardese--where the
first character is a base character and subsequent characters are mark
characters that apply to the base character. C<\X> is equivalent to
C<< (?>\PM\pM*) >>.
=item *
The C<tr///> operator translates characters instead of bytes. Note
that the C<tr///CU> functionality has been removed. For similar
functionality see pack('U0', ...) and pack('C0', ...).
=item *
Case translation operators use the Unicode case translation tables
when character input is provided. Note that C<uc()>, or C<\U> in
interpolated strings, translates to uppercase, while C<ucfirst>,
or C<\u> in interpolated strings, translates to titlecase in languages
that make the distinction.
=item *
Most operators that deal with positions or lengths in a string will
automatically switch to using character positions, including
C<chop()>, C<chomp()>, C<substr()>, C<pos()>, C<index()>, C<rindex()>,
C<sprintf()>, C<write()>, and C<length()>. An operator that
specifically does not switch is C<vec()>. Operators that really don't
care include operators that treat strings as a bucket of bits such as
C<sort()>, and operators dealing with filenames.
=item *
The C<pack()>/C<unpack()> letter C<C> does I<not> change, since it is often
used for byte-oriented formats. Again, think C<char> in the C language.
There is a new C<U> specifier that converts between Unicode characters
and code points. There is also a C<W> specifier that is the equivalent of
C<chr>/C<ord> and properly handles character values even if they are above 255.
=item *
The C<chr()> and C<ord()> functions work on characters, similar to
C<pack("W")> and C<unpack("W")>, I<not> C<pack("C")> and
C<unpack("C")>. C<pack("C")> and C<unpack("C")> are methods for
emulating byte-oriented C<chr()> and C<ord()> on Unicode strings.
While these methods reveal the internal encoding of Unicode strings,
that is not something one normally needs to care about at all.
=item *
The bit string operators, C<& | ^ ~>, can operate on character data.
However, for backward compatibility, such as when using bit string
operations when characters are all less than 256 in ordinal value, one
should not use C<~> (the bit complement) with characters of both
values less than 256 and values greater than 256. Most importantly,
DeMorgan's laws (C<~($x|$y) eq ~$x&~$y> and C<~($x&$y) eq ~$x|~$y>)
will not hold. The reason for this mathematical I<faux pas> is that
the complement cannot return B<both> the 8-bit (byte-wide) bit
complement B<and> the full character-wide bit complement.
=item *
lc(), uc(), lcfirst(), and ucfirst() work for the following cases:
=over 8
=item *
the case mapping is from a single Unicode character to another
single Unicode character, or
=item *
the case mapping is from a single Unicode character to more
than one Unicode character.
=back
Things to do with locales (Lithuanian, Turkish, Azeri) do B<not> work
since Perl does not understand the concept of Unicode locales.
See the Unicode Technical Report #21, Case Mappings, for more details.
But you can also define your own mappings to be used in the lc(),
lcfirst(), uc(), and ucfirst() (or their string-inlined versions).
See L</"User-Defined Case Mappings"> for more details.
=back
=over 4
=item *
And finally, C<scalar reverse()> reverses by character rather than by byte.
=back
=head2 Unicode Character Properties
Named Unicode properties, scripts, and block ranges may be used like
character classes via the C<\p{}> "matches property" construct and
the C<\P{}> negation, "doesn't match property".
For instance, C<\p{Lu}> matches any character with the Unicode "Lu"
(Letter, uppercase) property, while C<\p{M}> matches any character
with an "M" (mark--accents and such) property. Brackets are not
required for single letter properties, so C<\p{M}> is equivalent to
C<\pM>. Many predefined properties are available, such as
C<\p{Mirrored}> and C<\p{Tibetan}>.
The official Unicode script and block names have spaces and dashes as
separators, but for convenience you can use dashes, spaces, or
underbars, and case is unimportant. It is recommended, however, that
for consistency you use the following naming: the official Unicode
script, property, or block name (see below for the additional rules
that apply to block names) with whitespace and dashes removed, and the
words "uppercase-first-lowercase-rest". C<Latin-1 Supplement> thus
becomes C<Latin1Supplement>.
You can also use negation in both C<\p{}> and C<\P{}> by introducing a caret
(^) between the first brace and the property name: C<\p{^Tamil}> is
equal to C<\P{Tamil}>.
B<NOTE: the properties, scripts, and blocks listed here are as of
Unicode 5.0.0 in July 2006.>
=over 4
=item General Category
Here are the basic Unicode General Category properties, followed by their
long form. You can use either; C<\p{Lu}> and C<\p{UppercaseLetter}>,
for instance, are identical.
Short Long
L Letter
LC CasedLetter
Lu UppercaseLetter
Ll LowercaseLetter
Lt TitlecaseLetter
Lm ModifierLetter
Lo OtherLetter
M Mark
Mn NonspacingMark
Mc SpacingMark
Me EnclosingMark
N Number
Nd DecimalNumber
Nl LetterNumber
No OtherNumber
P Punctuation
Pc ConnectorPunctuation
Pd DashPunctuation
Ps OpenPunctuation
Pe ClosePunctuation
Pi InitialPunctuation
(may behave like Ps or Pe depending on usage)
Pf FinalPunctuation
(may behave like Ps or Pe depending on usage)
Po OtherPunctuation
S Symbol
Sm MathSymbol
Sc CurrencySymbol
Sk ModifierSymbol
So OtherSymbol
Z Separator
Zs SpaceSeparator
Zl LineSeparator
Zp ParagraphSeparator
C Other
Cc Control
Cf Format
Cs Surrogate (not usable)
Co PrivateUse
Cn Unassigned
Single-letter properties match all characters in any of the
two-letter sub-properties starting with the same letter.
C<LC> and C<L&> are special cases, which are aliases for the set of
C<Ll>, C<Lu>, and C<Lt>.
Because Perl hides the need for the user to understand the internal
representation of Unicode characters, there is no need to implement
the somewhat messy concept of surrogates. C<Cs> is therefore not
supported.
=item Bidirectional Character Types
Because scripts differ in their directionality--Hebrew is
written right to left, for example--Unicode supplies these properties in
the BidiClass class:
Property Meaning
L Left-to-Right
LRE Left-to-Right Embedding
LRO Left-to-Right Override
R Right-to-Left
AL Right-to-Left Arabic
RLE Right-to-Left Embedding
RLO Right-to-Left Override
PDF Pop Directional Format
EN European Number
ES European Number Separator
ET European Number Terminator
AN Arabic Number
CS Common Number Separator
NSM Non-Spacing Mark
BN Boundary Neutral
B Paragraph Separator
S Segment Separator
WS Whitespace
ON Other Neutrals
For example, C<\p{BidiClass:R}> matches characters that are normally
written right to left.
=item Scripts
The script names which can be used by C<\p{...}> and C<\P{...}>,
such as in C<\p{Latin}> or C<\p{Cyrillic}>, are as follows:
Arabic
Armenian
Balinese
Bengali
Bopomofo
Braille
Buginese
Buhid
CanadianAboriginal
Cherokee
Coptic
Cuneiform
Cypriot
Cyrillic
Deseret
Devanagari
Ethiopic
Georgian
Glagolitic
Gothic
Greek
Gujarati
Gurmukhi
Han
Hangul
Hanunoo
Hebrew
Hiragana
Inherited
Kannada
Katakana
Kharoshthi
Khmer
Lao
Latin
Limbu
LinearB
Malayalam
Mongolian
Myanmar
NewTaiLue
Nko
Ogham
OldItalic
OldPersian
Oriya
Osmanya
PhagsPa
Phoenician
Runic
Shavian
Sinhala
SylotiNagri
Syriac
Tagalog
Tagbanwa
TaiLe
Tamil
Telugu
Thaana
Thai
Tibetan
Tifinagh
Ugaritic
Yi
=item Extended property classes
Extended property classes can supplement the basic
properties, defined by the F<PropList> Unicode database:
ASCIIHexDigit
BidiControl
Dash
Deprecated
Diacritic
Extender
HexDigit
Hyphen
Ideographic
IDSBinaryOperator
IDSTrinaryOperator
JoinControl
LogicalOrderException
NoncharacterCodePoint
OtherAlphabetic
OtherDefaultIgnorableCodePoint
OtherGraphemeExtend
OtherIDStart
OtherIDContinue
OtherLowercase
OtherMath
OtherUppercase
PatternSyntax
PatternWhiteSpace
QuotationMark
Radical
SoftDotted
STerm
TerminalPunctuation
UnifiedIdeograph
VariationSelector
WhiteSpace
and there are further derived properties:
Alphabetic = Lu + Ll + Lt + Lm + Lo + Nl + OtherAlphabetic
Lowercase = Ll + OtherLowercase
Uppercase = Lu + OtherUppercase
Math = Sm + OtherMath
IDStart = Lu + Ll + Lt + Lm + Lo + Nl + OtherIDStart
IDContinue = IDStart + Mn + Mc + Nd + Pc + OtherIDContinue
DefaultIgnorableCodePoint
= OtherDefaultIgnorableCodePoint
+ Cf + Cc + Cs + Noncharacters + VariationSelector
- WhiteSpace - FFF9..FFFB (Annotation Characters)
Any = Any code points (i.e. U+0000 to U+10FFFF)
Assigned = Any non-Cn code points (i.e. synonym for \P{Cn})
Unassigned = Synonym for \p{Cn}
ASCII = ASCII (i.e. U+0000 to U+007F)
Common = Any character (or unassigned code point)
not explicitly assigned to a script
=item Use of "Is" Prefix
For backward compatibility (with Perl 5.6), all properties mentioned
so far may have C<Is> prepended to their name, so C<\P{IsLu}>, for
example, is equal to C<\P{Lu}>.
=item Blocks
In addition to B<scripts>, Unicode also defines B<blocks> of
characters. The difference between scripts and blocks is that the
concept of scripts is closer to natural languages, while the concept
of blocks is more of an artificial grouping based on groups of 256
Unicode characters. For example, the C<Latin> script contains letters
from many blocks but does not contain all the characters from those
blocks. It does not, for example, contain digits, because digits are
shared across many scripts. Digits and similar groups, like
punctuation, are in a category called C<Common>.
For more about scripts, see the UAX#24 "Script Names":
http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr24/
For more about blocks, see:
http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Blocks.txt
Block names are given with the C<In> prefix. For example, the
Katakana block is referenced via C<\p{InKatakana}>. The C<In>
prefix may be omitted if there is no naming conflict with a script
or any other property, but it is recommended that C<In> always be used
for block tests to avoid confusion.
These block names are supported:
InAegeanNumbers
InAlphabeticPresentationForms
InAncientGreekMusicalNotation
InAncientGreekNumbers
InArabic
InArabicPresentationFormsA
InArabicPresentationFormsB
InArabicSupplement
InArmenian
InArrows
InBalinese
InBasicLatin
InBengali
InBlockElements
InBopomofo
InBopomofoExtended
InBoxDrawing
InBraillePatterns
InBuginese
InBuhid
InByzantineMusicalSymbols
InCJKCompatibility
InCJKCompatibilityForms
InCJKCompatibilityIdeographs
InCJKCompatibilityIdeographsSupplement
InCJKRadicalsSupplement
InCJKStrokes
InCJKSymbolsAndPunctuation
InCJKUnifiedIdeographs
InCJKUnifiedIdeographsExtensionA
InCJKUnifiedIdeographsExtensionB
InCherokee
InCombiningDiacriticalMarks
InCombiningDiacriticalMarksSupplement
InCombiningDiacriticalMarksforSymbols
InCombiningHalfMarks
InControlPictures
InCoptic
InCountingRodNumerals
InCuneiform
InCuneiformNumbersAndPunctuation
InCurrencySymbols
InCypriotSyllabary
InCyrillic
InCyrillicSupplement
InDeseret
InDevanagari
InDingbats
InEnclosedAlphanumerics
InEnclosedCJKLettersAndMonths
InEthiopic
InEthiopicExtended
InEthiopicSupplement
InGeneralPunctuation
InGeometricShapes
InGeorgian
InGeorgianSupplement
InGlagolitic
InGothic
InGreekExtended
InGreekAndCoptic
InGujarati
InGurmukhi
InHalfwidthAndFullwidthForms
InHangulCompatibilityJamo
InHangulJamo
InHangulSyllables
InHanunoo
InHebrew
InHighPrivateUseSurrogates
InHighSurrogates
InHiragana
InIPAExtensions
InIdeographicDescriptionCharacters
InKanbun
InKangxiRadicals
InKannada
InKatakana
InKatakanaPhoneticExtensions
InKharoshthi
InKhmer
InKhmerSymbols
InLao
InLatin1Supplement
InLatinExtendedA
InLatinExtendedAdditional
InLatinExtendedB
InLatinExtendedC
InLatinExtendedD
InLetterlikeSymbols
InLimbu
InLinearBIdeograms
InLinearBSyllabary
InLowSurrogates
InMalayalam
InMathematicalAlphanumericSymbols
InMathematicalOperators
InMiscellaneousMathematicalSymbolsA
InMiscellaneousMathematicalSymbolsB
InMiscellaneousSymbols
InMiscellaneousSymbolsAndArrows
InMiscellaneousTechnical
InModifierToneLetters
InMongolian
InMusicalSymbols
InMyanmar
InNKo
InNewTaiLue
InNumberForms
InOgham
InOldItalic
InOldPersian
InOpticalCharacterRecognition
InOriya
InOsmanya
InPhagspa
InPhoenician
InPhoneticExtensions
InPhoneticExtensionsSupplement
InPrivateUseArea
InRunic
InShavian
InSinhala
InSmallFormVariants
InSpacingModifierLetters
InSpecials
InSuperscriptsAndSubscripts
InSupplementalArrowsA
InSupplementalArrowsB
InSupplementalMathematicalOperators
InSupplementalPunctuation
InSupplementaryPrivateUseAreaA
InSupplementaryPrivateUseAreaB
InSylotiNagri
InSyriac
InTagalog
InTagbanwa
InTags
InTaiLe
InTaiXuanJingSymbols
InTamil
InTelugu
InThaana
InThai
InTibetan
InTifinagh
InUgaritic
InUnifiedCanadianAboriginalSyllabics
InVariationSelectors
InVariationSelectorsSupplement
InVerticalForms
InYiRadicals
InYiSyllables
InYijingHexagramSymbols
=back
=head2 User-Defined Character Properties
You can define your own character properties by defining subroutines
whose names begin with "In" or "Is". The subroutines can be defined in
any package. The user-defined properties can be used in the regular
expression C<\p> and C<\P> constructs; if you are using a user-defined
property from a package other than the one you are in, you must specify
its package in the C<\p> or C<\P> construct.
# assuming property IsForeign defined in Lang::
package main; # property package name required
if ($txt =~ /\p{Lang::IsForeign}+/) { ... }
package Lang; # property package name not required
if ($txt =~ /\p{IsForeign}+/) { ... }
Note that the effect is compile-time and immutable once defined.
The subroutines must return a specially-formatted string, with one
or more newline-separated lines. Each line must be one of the following:
=over 4
=item *
A single hexadecimal number denoting a Unicode code point to include.
=item *
Two hexadecimal numbers separated by horizontal whitespace (space or
tabular characters) denoting a range of Unicode code points to include.
=item *
Something to include, prefixed by "+": a built-in character
property (prefixed by "utf8::") or a user-defined character property,
to represent all the characters in that property; two hexadecimal code
points for a range; or a single hexadecimal code point.
=item *
Something to exclude, prefixed by "-": an existing character
property (prefixed by "utf8::") or a user-defined character property,
to represent all the characters in that property; two hexadecimal code
points for a range; or a single hexadecimal code point.
=item *
Something to negate, prefixed "!": an existing character
property (prefixed by "utf8::") or a user-defined character property,
to represent all the characters in that property; two hexadecimal code
points for a range; or a single hexadecimal code point.
=item *
Something to intersect with, prefixed by "&": an existing character
property (prefixed by "utf8::") or a user-defined character property,
for all the characters except the characters in the property; two
hexadecimal code points for a range; or a single hexadecimal code point.
=back
For example, to define a property that covers both the Japanese
syllabaries (hiragana and katakana), you can define
sub InKana {
return <<END;
3040\t309F
30A0\t30FF
END
}
Imagine that the here-doc end marker is at the beginning of the line.
Now you can use C<\p{InKana}> and C<\P{InKana}>.
You could also have used the existing block property names:
sub InKana {
return <<'END';
+utf8::InHiragana
+utf8::InKatakana
END
}
Suppose you wanted to match only the allocated characters,
not the raw block ranges: in other words, you want to remove
the non-characters:
sub InKana {
return <<'END';
+utf8::InHiragana
+utf8::InKatakana
-utf8::IsCn
END
}
The negation is useful for defining (surprise!) negated classes.
sub InNotKana {
return <<'END';
!utf8::InHiragana
-utf8::InKatakana
+utf8::IsCn
END
}
Intersection is useful for getting the common characters matched by
two (or more) classes.
sub InFooAndBar {
return <<'END';
+main::Foo
&main::Bar
END
}
It's important to remember not to use "&" for the first set -- that
would be intersecting with nothing (resulting in an empty set).
=head2 User-Defined Case Mappings
You can also define your own mappings to be used in the lc(),
lcfirst(), uc(), and ucfirst() (or their string-inlined versions).
The principle is similar to that of user-defined character
properties: to define subroutines in the C<main> package
with names like C<ToLower> (for lc() and lcfirst()), C<ToTitle> (for
the first character in ucfirst()), and C<ToUpper> (for uc(), and the
rest of the characters in ucfirst()).
The string returned by the subroutines needs now to be three
hexadecimal numbers separated by tabulators: start of the source
range, end of the source range, and start of the destination range.
For example:
sub ToUpper {
return <<END;
0061\t0063\t0041
END
}
defines an uc() mapping that causes only the characters "a", "b", and
"c" to be mapped to "A", "B", "C", all other characters will remain
unchanged.
If there is no source range to speak of, that is, the mapping is from
a single character to another single character, leave the end of the
source range empty, but the two tabulator characters are still needed.
For example:
sub ToLower {
return <<END;
0041\t\t0061
END
}
defines a lc() mapping that causes only "A" to be mapped to "a", all
other characters will remain unchanged.
(For serious hackers only) If you want to introspect the default
mappings, you can find the data in the directory
C<$Config{privlib}>/F<unicore/To/>. The mapping data is returned as
the here-document, and the C<utf8::ToSpecFoo> are special exception
mappings derived from <$Config{privlib}>/F<unicore/SpecialCasing.txt>.
The C<Digit> and C<Fold> mappings that one can see in the directory
are not directly user-accessible, one can use either the
C<Unicode::UCD> module, or just match case-insensitively (that's when
the C<Fold> mapping is used).
A final note on the user-defined case mappings: they will be used
only if the scalar has been marked as having Unicode characters.
Old byte-style strings will not be affected.
=head2 Character Encodings for Input and Output
See L<Encode>.
=head2 Unicode Regular Expression Support Level
The following list of Unicode support for regular expressions describes
all the features currently supported. The references to "Level N"
and the section numbers refer to the Unicode Technical Standard #18,
"Unicode Regular Expressions", version 11, in May 2005.
=over 4
=item *
Level 1 - Basic Unicode Support
RL1.1 Hex Notation - done [1]
RL1.2 Properties - done [2][3]
RL1.2a Compatibility Properties - done [4]
RL1.3 Subtraction and Intersection - MISSING [5]
RL1.4 Simple Word Boundaries - done [6]
RL1.5 Simple Loose Matches - done [7]
RL1.6 Line Boundaries - MISSING [8]
RL1.7 Supplementary Code Points - done [9]
[1] \x{...}
[2] \p{...} \P{...}
[3] supports not only minimal list (general category, scripts,
Alphabetic, Lowercase, Uppercase, WhiteSpace,
NoncharacterCodePoint, DefaultIgnorableCodePoint, Any,
ASCII, Assigned), but also bidirectional types, blocks, etc.
(see "Unicode Character Properties")
[4] \d \D \s \S \w \W \X [:prop:] [:^prop:]
[5] can use regular expression look-ahead [a] or
user-defined character properties [b] to emulate set operations
[6] \b \B
[7] note that Perl does Full case-folding in matching, not Simple:
for example U+1F88 is equivalent to U+1F00 U+03B9,
not with 1F80. This difference matters mainly for certain Greek
capital letters with certain modifiers: the Full case-folding
decomposes the letter, while the Simple case-folding would map
it to a single character.
[8] should do ^ and $ also on U+000B (\v in C), FF (\f), CR (\r),
CRLF (\r\n), NEL (U+0085), LS (U+2028), and PS (U+2029);
should also affect <>, $., and script line numbers;
should not split lines within CRLF [c] (i.e. there is no empty
line between \r and \n)
[9] UTF-8/UTF-EBDDIC used in perl allows not only U+10000 to U+10FFFF
but also beyond U+10FFFF [d]
[a] You can mimic class subtraction using lookahead.
For example, what UTS#18 might write as
[{Greek}-[{UNASSIGNED}]]
in Perl can be written as:
(?!\p{Unassigned})\p{InGreekAndCoptic}
(?=\p{Assigned})\p{InGreekAndCoptic}
But in this particular example, you probably really want
\p{GreekAndCoptic}
which will match assigned characters known to be part of the Greek script.
Also see the Unicode::Regex::Set module, it does implement the full
UTS#18 grouping, intersection, union, and removal (subtraction) syntax.
[b] '+' for union, '-' for removal (set-difference), '&' for intersection
(see L</"User-Defined Character Properties">)
[c] Try the C<:crlf> layer (see L<PerlIO>).
[d] Avoid C<use warning 'utf8';> (or say C<no warning 'utf8';>) to allow
U+FFFF (C<\x{FFFF}>).
=item *
Level 2 - Extended Unicode Support
RL2.1 Canonical Equivalents - MISSING [10][11]
RL2.2 Default Grapheme Clusters - MISSING [12][13]
RL2.3 Default Word Boundaries - MISSING [14]
RL2.4 Default Loose Matches - MISSING [15]
RL2.5 Name Properties - MISSING [16]
RL2.6 Wildcard Properties - MISSING
[10] see UAX#15 "Unicode Normalization Forms"
[11] have Unicode::Normalize but not integrated to regexes
[12] have \X but at this level . should equal that
[13] UAX#29 "Text Boundaries" considers CRLF and Hangul syllable
clusters as a single grapheme cluster.
[14] see UAX#29, Word Boundaries
[15] see UAX#21 "Case Mappings"
[16] have \N{...} but neither compute names of CJK Ideographs
and Hangul Syllables nor use a loose match [e]
[e] C<\N{...}> allows namespaces (see L<charnames>).
=item *
Level 3 - Tailored Support
RL3.1 Tailored Punctuation - MISSING
RL3.2 Tailored Grapheme Clusters - MISSING [17][18]
RL3.3 Tailored Word Boundaries - MISSING
RL3.4 Tailored Loose Matches - MISSING
RL3.5 Tailored Ranges - MISSING
RL3.6 Context Matching - MISSING [19]
RL3.7 Incremental Matches - MISSING
( RL3.8 Unicode Set Sharing )
RL3.9 Possible Match Sets - MISSING
RL3.10 Folded Matching - MISSING [20]
RL3.11 Submatchers - MISSING
[17] see UAX#10 "Unicode Collation Algorithms"
[18] have Unicode::Collate but not integrated to regexes
[19] have (?<=x) and (?=x), but look-aheads or look-behinds should see
outside of the target substring
[20] need insensitive matching for linguistic features other than case;
for example, hiragana to katakana, wide and narrow, simplified Han
to traditional Han (see UTR#30 "Character Foldings")
=back
=head2 Unicode Encodings
Unicode characters are assigned to I<code points>, which are abstract
numbers. To use these numbers, various encodings are needed.
=over 4
=item *
UTF-8
UTF-8 is a variable-length (1 to 6 bytes, current character allocations
require 4 bytes), byte-order independent encoding. For ASCII (and we
really do mean 7-bit ASCII, not another 8-bit encoding), UTF-8 is
transparent.
The following table is from Unicode 3.2.
Code Points 1st Byte 2nd Byte 3rd Byte 4th Byte
U+0000..U+007F 00..7F
U+0080..U+07FF C2..DF 80..BF
U+0800..U+0FFF E0 A0..BF 80..BF
U+1000..U+CFFF E1..EC 80..BF 80..BF
U+D000..U+D7FF ED 80..9F 80..BF
U+D800..U+DFFF ******* ill-formed *******
U+E000..U+FFFF EE..EF 80..BF 80..BF
U+10000..U+3FFFF F0 90..BF 80..BF 80..BF
U+40000..U+FFFFF F1..F3 80..BF 80..BF 80..BF
U+100000..U+10FFFF F4 80..8F 80..BF 80..BF
Note the C<A0..BF> in C<U+0800..U+0FFF>, the C<80..9F> in
C<U+D000...U+D7FF>, the C<90..B>F in C<U+10000..U+3FFFF>, and the
C<80...8F> in C<U+100000..U+10FFFF>. The "gaps" are caused by legal
UTF-8 avoiding non-shortest encodings: it is technically possible to
UTF-8-encode a single code point in different ways, but that is
explicitly forbidden, and the shortest possible encoding should always
be used. So that's what Perl does.
Another way to look at it is via bits:
Code Points 1st Byte 2nd Byte 3rd Byte 4th Byte
0aaaaaaa 0aaaaaaa
00000bbbbbaaaaaa 110bbbbb 10aaaaaa
ccccbbbbbbaaaaaa 1110cccc 10bbbbbb 10aaaaaa
00000dddccccccbbbbbbaaaaaa 11110ddd 10cccccc 10bbbbbb 10aaaaaa
As you can see, the continuation bytes all begin with C<10>, and the
leading bits of the start byte tell how many bytes the are in the
encoded character.
=item *
UTF-EBCDIC
Like UTF-8 but EBCDIC-safe, in the way that UTF-8 is ASCII-safe.
=item *
UTF-16, UTF-16BE, UTF-16LE, Surrogates, and BOMs (Byte Order Marks)
The followings items are mostly for reference and general Unicode
knowledge, Perl doesn't use these constructs internally.
UTF-16 is a 2 or 4 byte encoding. The Unicode code points
C<U+0000..U+FFFF> are stored in a single 16-bit unit, and the code
points C<U+10000..U+10FFFF> in two 16-bit units. The latter case is
using I<surrogates>, the first 16-bit unit being the I<high
surrogate>, and the second being the I<low surrogate>.
Surrogates are code points set aside to encode the C<U+10000..U+10FFFF>
range of Unicode code points in pairs of 16-bit units. The I<high
surrogates> are the range C<U+D800..U+DBFF>, and the I<low surrogates>
are the range C<U+DC00..U+DFFF>. The surrogate encoding is
$hi = ($uni - 0x10000) / 0x400 + 0xD800;
$lo = ($uni - 0x10000) % 0x400 + 0xDC00;
and the decoding is
$uni = 0x10000 + ($hi - 0xD800) * 0x400 + ($lo - 0xDC00);
If you try to generate surrogates (for example by using chr()), you
will get a warning if warnings are turned on, because those code
points are not valid for a Unicode character.
Because of the 16-bitness, UTF-16 is byte-order dependent. UTF-16
itself can be used for in-memory computations, but if storage or
transfer is required either UTF-16BE (big-endian) or UTF-16LE
(little-endian) encodings must be chosen.
This introduces another problem: what if you just know that your data
is UTF-16, but you don't know which endianness? Byte Order Marks, or
BOMs, are a solution to this. A special character has been reserved
in Unicode to function as a byte order marker: the character with the
code point C<U+FEFF> is the BOM.
The trick is that if you read a BOM, you will know the byte order,
since if it was written on a big-endian platform, you will read the
bytes C<0xFE 0xFF>, but if it was written on a little-endian platform,
you will read the bytes C<0xFF 0xFE>. (And if the originating platform
was writing in UTF-8, you will read the bytes C<0xEF 0xBB 0xBF>.)
The way this trick works is that the character with the code point
C<U+FFFE> is guaranteed not to be a valid Unicode character, so the
sequence of bytes C<0xFF 0xFE> is unambiguously "BOM, represented in
little-endian format" and cannot be C<U+FFFE>, represented in big-endian
format".
=item *
UTF-32, UTF-32BE, UTF-32LE
The UTF-32 family is pretty much like the UTF-16 family, expect that
the units are 32-bit, and therefore the surrogate scheme is not
needed. The BOM signatures will be C<0x00 0x00 0xFE 0xFF> for BE and
C<0xFF 0xFE 0x00 0x00> for LE.
=item *
UCS-2, UCS-4
Encodings defined by the ISO 10646 standard. UCS-2 is a 16-bit
encoding. Unlike UTF-16, UCS-2 is not extensible beyond C<U+FFFF>,
because it does not use surrogates. UCS-4 is a 32-bit encoding,
functionally identical to UTF-32.
=item *
UTF-7
A seven-bit safe (non-eight-bit) encoding, which is useful if the
transport or storage is not eight-bit safe. Defined by RFC 2152.
=back
=head2 Security Implications of Unicode
=over 4
=item *
Malformed UTF-8
Unfortunately, the specification of UTF-8 leaves some room for
interpretation of how many bytes of encoded output one should generate
from one input Unicode character. Strictly speaking, the shortest
possible sequence of UTF-8 bytes should be generated,
because otherwise there is potential for an input buffer overflow at
the receiving end of a UTF-8 connection. Perl always generates the
shortest length UTF-8, and with warnings on Perl will warn about
non-shortest length UTF-8 along with other malformations, such as the
surrogates, which are not real Unicode code points.
=item *
Regular expressions behave slightly differently between byte data and
character (Unicode) data. For example, the "word character" character
class C<\w> will work differently depending on if data is eight-bit bytes
or Unicode.
In the first case, the set of C<\w> characters is either small--the
default set of alphabetic characters, digits, and the "_"--or, if you
are using a locale (see L<perllocale>), the C<\w> might contain a few
more letters according to your language and country.
In the second case, the C<\w> set of characters is much, much larger.
Most importantly, even in the set of the first 256 characters, it will
probably match different characters: unlike most locales, which are
specific to a language and country pair, Unicode classifies all the
characters that are letters I<somewhere> as C<\w>. For example, your
locale might not think that LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH is a letter (unless
you happen to speak Icelandic), but Unicode does.
As discussed elsewhere, Perl has one foot (two hooves?) planted in
each of two worlds: the old world of bytes and the new world of
characters, upgrading from bytes to characters when necessary.
If your legacy code does not explicitly use Unicode, no automatic
switch-over to characters should happen. Characters shouldn't get
downgraded to bytes, either. It is possible to accidentally mix bytes
and characters, however (see L<perluniintro>), in which case C<\w> in
regular expressions might start behaving differently. Review your
code. Use warnings and the C<strict> pragma.
=back
=head2 Unicode in Perl on EBCDIC
The way Unicode is handled on EBCDIC platforms is still
experimental. On such platforms, references to UTF-8 encoding in this
document and elsewhere should be read as meaning the UTF-EBCDIC
specified in Unicode Technical Report 16, unless ASCII vs. EBCDIC issues
are specifically discussed. There is no C<utfebcdic> pragma or
":utfebcdic" layer; rather, "utf8" and ":utf8" are reused to mean
the platform's "natural" 8-bit encoding of Unicode. See L<perlebcdic>
for more discussion of the issues.
=head2 Locales
Usually locale settings and Unicode do not affect each other, but
there are a couple of exceptions:
=over 4
=item *
You can enable automatic UTF-8-ification of your standard file
handles, default C<open()> layer, and C<@ARGV> by using either
the C<-C> command line switch or the C<PERL_UNICODE> environment
variable, see L<perlrun> for the documentation of the C<-C> switch.
=item *
Perl tries really hard to work both with Unicode and the old
byte-oriented world. Most often this is nice, but sometimes Perl's
straddling of the proverbial fence causes problems.
=back
=head2 When Unicode Does Not Happen
While Perl does have extensive ways to input and output in Unicode,
and few other 'entry points' like the @ARGV which can be interpreted
as Unicode (UTF-8), there still are many places where Unicode (in some
encoding or another) could be given as arguments or received as
results, or both, but it is not.
The following are such interfaces. For all of these interfaces Perl
currently (as of 5.8.3) simply assumes byte strings both as arguments
and results, or UTF-8 strings if the C<encoding> pragma has been used.
One reason why Perl does not attempt to resolve the role of Unicode in
this cases is that the answers are highly dependent on the operating
system and the file system(s). For example, whether filenames can be
in Unicode, and in exactly what kind of encoding, is not exactly a
portable concept. Similarly for the qx and system: how well will the
'command line interface' (and which of them?) handle Unicode?
=over 4
=item *
chdir, chmod, chown, chroot, exec, link, lstat, mkdir,
rename, rmdir, stat, symlink, truncate, unlink, utime, -X
=item *
%ENV
=item *
glob (aka the <*>)
=item *
open, opendir, sysopen
=item *
qx (aka the backtick operator), system
=item *
readdir, readlink
=back
=head2 Forcing Unicode in Perl (Or Unforcing Unicode in Perl)
Sometimes (see L</"When Unicode Does Not Happen">) there are
situations where you simply need to force a byte
string into UTF-8, or vice versa. The low-level calls
utf8::upgrade($bytestring) and utf8::downgrade($utf8string[, FAIL_OK]) are
the answers.
Note that utf8::downgrade() can fail if the string contains characters
that don't fit into a byte.
=head2 Using Unicode in XS
If you want to handle Perl Unicode in XS extensions, you may find the
following C APIs useful. See also L<perlguts/"Unicode Support"> for an
explanation about Unicode at the XS level, and L<perlapi> for the API
details.
=over 4
=item *
C<DO_UTF8(sv)> returns true if the C<UTF8> flag is on and the bytes
pragma is not in effect. C<SvUTF8(sv)> returns true if the C<UTF8>
flag is on; the bytes pragma is ignored. The C<UTF8> flag being on
does B<not> mean that there are any characters of code points greater
than 255 (or 127) in the scalar or that there are even any characters
in the scalar. What the C<UTF8> flag means is that the sequence of
octets in the representation of the scalar is the sequence of UTF-8
encoded code points of the characters of a string. The C<UTF8> flag
being off means that each octet in this representation encodes a
single character with code point 0..255 within the string. Perl's
Unicode model is not to use UTF-8 until it is absolutely necessary.
=item *
C<uvchr_to_utf8(buf, chr)> writes a Unicode character code point into
a buffer encoding the code point as UTF-8, and returns a pointer
pointing after the UTF-8 bytes. It works appropriately on EBCDIC machines.
=item *
C<utf8_to_uvchr(buf, lenp)> reads UTF-8 encoded bytes from a buffer and
returns the Unicode character code point and, optionally, the length of
the UTF-8 byte sequence. It works appropriately on EBCDIC machines.
=item *
C<utf8_length(start, end)> returns the length of the UTF-8 encoded buffer
in characters. C<sv_len_utf8(sv)> returns the length of the UTF-8 encoded
scalar.
=item *
C<sv_utf8_upgrade(sv)> converts the string of the scalar to its UTF-8
encoded form. C<sv_utf8_downgrade(sv)> does the opposite, if
possible. C<sv_utf8_encode(sv)> is like sv_utf8_upgrade except that
it does not set the C<UTF8> flag. C<sv_utf8_decode()> does the
opposite of C<sv_utf8_encode()>. Note that none of these are to be
used as general-purpose encoding or decoding interfaces: C<use Encode>
for that. C<sv_utf8_upgrade()> is affected by the encoding pragma
but C<sv_utf8_downgrade()> is not (since the encoding pragma is
designed to be a one-way street).
=item *
C<is_utf8_char(s)> returns true if the pointer points to a valid UTF-8
character.
=item *
C<is_utf8_string(buf, len)> returns true if C<len> bytes of the buffer
are valid UTF-8.
=item *
C<UTF8SKIP(buf)> will return the number of bytes in the UTF-8 encoded
character in the buffer. C<UNISKIP(chr)> will return the number of bytes
required to UTF-8-encode the Unicode character code point. C<UTF8SKIP()>
is useful for example for iterating over the characters of a UTF-8
encoded buffer; C<UNISKIP()> is useful, for example, in computing
the size required for a UTF-8 encoded buffer.
=item *
C<utf8_distance(a, b)> will tell the distance in characters between the
two pointers pointing to the same UTF-8 encoded buffer.
=item *
C<utf8_hop(s, off)> will return a pointer to a UTF-8 encoded buffer
that is C<off> (positive or negative) Unicode characters displaced
from the UTF-8 buffer C<s>. Be careful not to overstep the buffer:
C<utf8_hop()> will merrily run off the end or the beginning of the
buffer if told to do so.
=item *
C<pv_uni_display(dsv, spv, len, pvlim, flags)> and
C<sv_uni_display(dsv, ssv, pvlim, flags)> are useful for debugging the
output of Unicode strings and scalars. By default they are useful
only for debugging--they display B<all> characters as hexadecimal code
points--but with the flags C<UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT>,
C<UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH>, and C<UNI_DISPLAY_QQ> you can make the
output more readable.
=item *
C<ibcmp_utf8(s1, pe1, l1, u1, s2, pe2, l2, u2)> can be used to
compare two strings case-insensitively in Unicode. For case-sensitive
comparisons you can just use C<memEQ()> and C<memNE()> as usual.
=back
For more information, see L<perlapi>, and F<utf8.c> and F<utf8.h>
in the Perl source code distribution.
=head1 BUGS
=head2 Interaction with Locales
Use of locales with Unicode data may lead to odd results. Currently,
Perl attempts to attach 8-bit locale info to characters in the range
0..255, but this technique is demonstrably incorrect for locales that
use characters above that range when mapped into Unicode. Perl's
Unicode support will also tend to run slower. Use of locales with
Unicode is discouraged.
=head2 Problems with characters whose ordinal numbers are in the range 128 - 255 with no Locale specified
Without a locale specified, unlike all other characters or code points,
these characters have very different semantics in byte semantics versus
character semantics.
In character semantics they are interpreted as Unicode code points, which means
they are viewed as Latin-1 (ISO-8859-1).
In byte semantics, they are considered to be unassigned characters,
meaning that the only semantics they have is their
ordinal numbers, and that they are not members of various character classes.
None are considered to match C<\w> for example, but all match C<\W>.
Besides these class matches,
the known operations that this affects are those that change the case,
regular expression matching while ignoring case,
and B<quotemeta()>.
This can lead to unexpected results in which a string's semantics suddenly
change if a code point above 255 is appended to or removed from it,
which changes the string's semantics from byte to character or vice versa.
This behavior is scheduled to change in version 5.12, but in the meantime,
a workaround is to always call utf8::upgrade($string), or to use the
standard modules L<Encode> or L<charnames>.
=head2 Interaction with Extensions
When Perl exchanges data with an extension, the extension should be
able to understand the UTF8 flag and act accordingly. If the
extension doesn't know about the flag, it's likely that the extension
will return incorrectly-flagged data.
So if you're working with Unicode data, consult the documentation of
every module you're using if there are any issues with Unicode data
exchange. If the documentation does not talk about Unicode at all,
suspect the worst and probably look at the source to learn how the
module is implemented. Modules written completely in Perl shouldn't
cause problems. Modules that directly or indirectly access code written
in other programming languages are at risk.
For affected functions, the simple strategy to avoid data corruption is
to always make the encoding of the exchanged data explicit. Choose an
encoding that you know the extension can handle. Convert arguments passed
to the extensions to that encoding and convert results back from that
encoding. Write wrapper functions that do the conversions for you, so
you can later change the functions when the extension catches up.
To provide an example, let's say the popular Foo::Bar::escape_html
function doesn't deal with Unicode data yet. The wrapper function
would convert the argument to raw UTF-8 and convert the result back to
Perl's internal representation like so:
sub my_escape_html ($) {
my($what) = shift;
return unless defined $what;
Encode::decode_utf8(Foo::Bar::escape_html(Encode::encode_utf8($what)));
}
Sometimes, when the extension does not convert data but just stores
and retrieves them, you will be in a position to use the otherwise
dangerous Encode::_utf8_on() function. Let's say the popular
C<Foo::Bar> extension, written in C, provides a C<param> method that
lets you store and retrieve data according to these prototypes:
$self->param($name, $value); # set a scalar
$value = $self->param($name); # retrieve a scalar
If it does not yet provide support for any encoding, one could write a
derived class with such a C<param> method:
sub param {
my($self,$name,$value) = @_;
utf8::upgrade($name); # make sure it is UTF-8 encoded
if (defined $value) {
utf8::upgrade($value); # make sure it is UTF-8 encoded
return $self->SUPER::param($name,$value);
} else {
my $ret = $self->SUPER::param($name);
Encode::_utf8_on($ret); # we know, it is UTF-8 encoded
return $ret;
}
}
Some extensions provide filters on data entry/exit points, such as
DB_File::filter_store_key and family. Look out for such filters in
the documentation of your extensions, they can make the transition to
Unicode data much easier.
=head2 Speed
Some functions are slower when working on UTF-8 encoded strings than
on byte encoded strings. All functions that need to hop over
characters such as length(), substr() or index(), or matching regular
expressions can work B<much> faster when the underlying data are
byte-encoded.
In Perl 5.8.0 the slowness was often quite spectacular; in Perl 5.8.1
a caching scheme was introduced which will hopefully make the slowness
somewhat less spectacular, at least for some operations. In general,
operations with UTF-8 encoded strings are still slower. As an example,
the Unicode properties (character classes) like C<\p{Nd}> are known to
be quite a bit slower (5-20 times) than their simpler counterparts
like C<\d> (then again, there 268 Unicode characters matching C<Nd>
compared with the 10 ASCII characters matching C<d>).
=head2 Possible problems on EBCDIC platforms
In earlier versions, when byte and character data were concatenated,
the new string was sometimes created by
decoding the byte strings as I<ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1)>, even if the
old Unicode string used EBCDIC.
If you find any of these, please report them as bugs.
=head2 Porting code from perl-5.6.X
Perl 5.8 has a different Unicode model from 5.6. In 5.6 the programmer
was required to use the C<utf8> pragma to declare that a given scope
expected to deal with Unicode data and had to make sure that only
Unicode data were reaching that scope. If you have code that is
working with 5.6, you will need some of the following adjustments to
your code. The examples are written such that the code will continue
to work under 5.6, so you should be safe to try them out.
=over 4
=item *
A filehandle that should read or write UTF-8
if ($] > 5.007) {
binmode $fh, ":encoding(utf8)";
}
=item *
A scalar that is going to be passed to some extension
Be it Compress::Zlib, Apache::Request or any extension that has no
mention of Unicode in the manpage, you need to make sure that the
UTF8 flag is stripped off. Note that at the time of this writing
(October 2002) the mentioned modules are not UTF-8-aware. Please
check the documentation to verify if this is still true.
if ($] > 5.007) {
require Encode;
$val = Encode::encode_utf8($val); # make octets
}
=item *
A scalar we got back from an extension
If you believe the scalar comes back as UTF-8, you will most likely
want the UTF8 flag restored:
if ($] > 5.007) {
require Encode;
$val = Encode::decode_utf8($val);
}
=item *
Same thing, if you are really sure it is UTF-8
if ($] > 5.007) {
require Encode;
Encode::_utf8_on($val);
}
=item *
A wrapper for fetchrow_array and fetchrow_hashref
When the database contains only UTF-8, a wrapper function or method is
a convenient way to replace all your fetchrow_array and
fetchrow_hashref calls. A wrapper function will also make it easier to
adapt to future enhancements in your database driver. Note that at the
time of this writing (October 2002), the DBI has no standardized way
to deal with UTF-8 data. Please check the documentation to verify if
that is still true.
sub fetchrow {
my($self, $sth, $what) = @_; # $what is one of fetchrow_{array,hashref}
if ($] < 5.007) {
return $sth->$what;
} else {
require Encode;
if (wantarray) {
my @arr = $sth->$what;
for (@arr) {
defined && /[^\000-\177]/ && Encode::_utf8_on($_);
}
return @arr;
} else {
my $ret = $sth->$what;
if (ref $ret) {
for my $k (keys %$ret) {
defined && /[^\000-\177]/ && Encode::_utf8_on($_) for $ret->{$k};
}
return $ret;
} else {
defined && /[^\000-\177]/ && Encode::_utf8_on($_) for $ret;
return $ret;
}
}
}
}
=item *
A large scalar that you know can only contain ASCII
Scalars that contain only ASCII and are marked as UTF-8 are sometimes
a drag to your program. If you recognize such a situation, just remove
the UTF8 flag:
utf8::downgrade($val) if $] > 5.007;
=back
=head1 SEE ALSO
L<perlunitut>, L<perluniintro>, L<Encode>, L<open>, L<utf8>, L<bytes>,
L<perlretut>, L<perlvar/"${^UNICODE}">
=cut
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