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package Net::DNS::Resolver;
#
# $Id: Resolver.pm 1726 2018-12-15 12:59:56Z willem $
#
our $VERSION = (qw$LastChangedRevision: 1726 $)[1];
=head1 NAME
Net::DNS::Resolver - DNS resolver class
=cut
use strict;
use warnings;
use constant CONFIG => defined eval "require Net::DNS::Resolver::$^O";
use constant OS_CONF => join '::', __PACKAGE__, CONFIG ? $^O : 'UNIX';
use base OS_CONF;
1;
__END__
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use Net::DNS;
$resolver = new Net::DNS::Resolver();
# Perform a lookup, using the searchlist if appropriate.
$reply = $resolver->search( 'example.com' );
# Perform a lookup, without the searchlist
$reply = $resolver->query( 'example.com', 'MX' );
# Perform a lookup, without pre or post-processing
$reply = $resolver->send( 'example.com', 'MX', 'IN' );
# Send a prebuilt query packet
$query = new Net::DNS::Packet( ... );
$reply = $resolver->send( $query );
=head1 DESCRIPTION
Instances of the Net::DNS::Resolver class represent resolver objects.
A program may have multiple resolver objects, each maintaining its
own state information such as the nameservers to be queried, whether
recursion is desired, etc.
=head1 METHODS
=head2 new
# Use the default configuration
$resolver = new Net::DNS::Resolver();
# Use my own configuration file
$resolver = new Net::DNS::Resolver( config_file => '/my/dns.conf' );
# Set options in the constructor
$resolver = new Net::DNS::Resolver(
nameservers => [ '2001:DB8::1', 'ns.example.com' ],
recurse => 0,
debug => 1
);
Returns a resolver object. If no arguments are supplied, C<new()>
returns an object having the default configuration.
On Unix and Linux systems,
the default values are read from the following files,
in the order indicated:
=over
F</etc/resolv.conf>,
F<$HOME/.resolv.conf>,
F<./.resolv.conf>
=back
The following keywords are recognised in resolver configuration files:
=over
B<nameserver> address
IP address of a name server that the resolver should query.
B<domain> localdomain
The domain suffix to be appended to a short non-absolute name.
B<search> domain ...
A space-separated list of domains in the desired search path.
B<options> option:value ...
A space-separated list of key:value items.
=back
Except for F</etc/resolv.conf>, files will only be read if owned by the
effective userid running the program. In addition, several environment
variables may contain configuration information; see L</ENVIRONMENT>.
Note that the domain and searchlist keywords are mutually exclusive.
If both are present, the resulting behaviour is unspecified.
If neither is present, the domain is determined from the local hostname.
On Windows systems, an attempt is made to determine the system defaults
using the registry. Systems with many dynamically configured network
interfaces may confuse L<Net::DNS>.
# Use my own configuration file
$resolver = new Net::DNS::Resolver( config_file => '/my/dns.conf' );
You can include a configuration file of your own when creating a
resolver object. This is supported on both Unix and Windows.
If a custom configuration file is specified at first instantiation,
all other configuration files and environment variables are ignored.
# Set options in the constructor
$resolver = new Net::DNS::Resolver(
nameservers => [ '2001:DB8::1', 'ns.example.com' ],
recurse => 0
);
Explicit arguments to C<new()> override the corresponding configuration
variables. The argument list consists of a sequence of (name=>value)
pairs, each interpreted as an invocation of the corresponding method.
=head2 print
$resolver->print;
Prints the resolver state on the standard output.
=head2 query
$packet = $resolver->query( 'mailhost' );
$packet = $resolver->query( 'mailhost.example.com' );
$packet = $resolver->query( '2001:DB8::1' );
$packet = $resolver->query( 'example.com', 'MX' );
$packet = $resolver->query( 'annotation.example.com', 'TXT', 'IN' );
Performs a DNS query for the given name; the search list is not applied.
If C<defnames> is true, the default domain will be appended to unqualified names.
The record type and class can be omitted; they default to A and IN.
If the name looks like an IP address (IPv4 or IPv6),
then a query within in-addr.arpa or ip6.arpa will be performed.
Returns a L<Net::DNS::Packet> object, or C<undef> if no answers were found.
The reason for failure may be determined using C<errorstring()>.
If you need to examine the response packet, whether it contains
any answers or not, use the C<send()> method instead.
=head2 search
$packet = $resolver->search( 'mailhost' );
$packet = $resolver->search( 'mailhost.example.com' );
$packet = $resolver->search( '2001:DB8::1' );
$packet = $resolver->search( 'example.com', 'MX' );
$packet = $resolver->search( 'annotation.example.com', 'TXT', 'IN' );
Performs a DNS query for the given name, applying the searchlist if
appropriate. The search algorithm is as follows:
If the name contains one or more non-terminal dots,
perform an initial query using the unmodified name.
If the number of dots is less than C<ndots>, and there is no terminal dot,
try appending each suffix in the search list.
The record type and class can be omitted; they default to A and IN.
If the name looks like an IP address (IPv4 or IPv6),
then a query within in-addr.arpa or ip6.arpa will be performed.
Returns a L<Net::DNS::Packet> object, or C<undef> if no answers were found.
The reason for failure may be determined using C<errorstring()>.
If you need to examine the response packet, whether it contains
any answers or not, use the C<send()> method instead.
=head2 send
$packet = $resolver->send( $query );
$packet = $resolver->send( 'mailhost.example.com' );
$packet = $resolver->send( '2001:DB8::1' );
$packet = $resolver->send( 'example.com', 'MX' );
$packet = $resolver->send( 'annotation.example.com', 'TXT', 'IN' );
Performs a DNS query for the given name.
Neither the searchlist nor the default domain will be appended.
The argument list can be either a pre-built query L<Net::DNS::Packet>
or a list of strings.
The record type and class can be omitted; they default to A and IN.
If the name looks like an IP address (IPv4 or IPv6),
then a query within in-addr.arpa or ip6.arpa will be performed.
Returns a L<Net::DNS::Packet> object whether there were any answers or not.
Use C<< $packet->header->ancount >> or C<< $packet->answer >> to find out
if there were any records in the answer section.
Returns C<undef> if no response was received.
=head2 axfr
@zone = $resolver->axfr();
@zone = $resolver->axfr( 'example.com' );
@zone = $resolver->axfr( 'example.com', 'IN' );
$iterator = $resolver->axfr();
$iterator = $resolver->axfr( 'example.com' );
$iterator = $resolver->axfr( 'example.com', 'IN' );
$rr = $iterator->();
Performs a zone transfer using the resolver nameservers list,
attempted in the order listed.
If the zone is omitted, it defaults to the first zone listed
in the resolver search list.
If the class is omitted, it defaults to IN.
When called in list context, C<axfr()> returns a list of L<Net::DNS::RR>
objects. The redundant SOA record that terminates the zone transfer
is not returned to the caller.
In deferrence to RFC1035(6.3), a complete zone transfer is expected
to return all records in the zone or nothing at all.
When no resource records are returned by C<axfr()>,
the reason for failure may be determined using C<errorstring()>.
Here is an example that uses a timeout and TSIG verification:
$resolver->tcp_timeout( 10 );
$resolver->tsig( 'Khmac-sha1.example.+161+24053.private' );
@zone = $resolver->axfr( 'example.com' );
foreach $rr (@zone) {
$rr->print;
}
When called in scalar context, C<axfr()> returns an iterator object.
Each invocation of the iterator returns a single L<Net::DNS::RR>
or C<undef> when the zone is exhausted.
An exception is raised if the zone transfer can not be completed.
The redundant SOA record that terminates the zone transfer is not
returned to the caller.
Here is the example above, implemented using an iterator:
$resolver->tcp_timeout( 10 );
$resolver->tsig( 'Khmac-sha1.example.+161+24053.private' );
$iterator = $resolver->axfr( 'example.com' );
while ( $rr = $iterator->() ) {
$rr->print;
}
=head2 bgsend
$handle = $resolver->bgsend( $packet ) || die $resolver->errorstring;
$handle = $resolver->bgsend( 'mailhost.example.com' );
$handle = $resolver->bgsend( '2001:DB8::1' );
$handle = $resolver->bgsend( 'example.com', 'MX' );
$handle = $resolver->bgsend( 'annotation.example.com', 'TXT', 'IN' );
Performs a background DNS query for the given name and returns immediately
without waiting for the response. The program can then perform other tasks
while awaiting the response from the nameserver.
The argument list can be either a L<Net::DNS::Packet> object or a list
of strings. The record type and class can be omitted; they default to
A and IN. If the name looks like an IP address (IPv4 or IPv6),
then a query within in-addr.arpa or ip6.arpa will be performed.
Returns an opaque handle which is passed to subsequent invocations of
the C<bgbusy()> and C<bgread()> methods.
Errors are indicated by returning C<undef> in which case
the reason for failure may be determined using C<errorstring()>.
The response L<Net::DNS::Packet> object is obtained by calling C<bgread()>.
B<BEWARE>:
Programs should make no assumptions about the nature of the handles
returned by C<bgsend()> which should be used strictly as described here.
=head2 bgread
$handle = $resolver->bgsend( 'www.example.com' );
$packet = $resolver->bgread($handle);
Reads the response following a background query.
The argument is the handle returned by C<bgsend()>.
Returns a L<Net::DNS::Packet> object or C<undef> if no response was
received before the timeout interval expired.
=head2 bgbusy
$handle = $resolver->bgsend( 'foo.example.com' );
while ($resolver->bgbusy($handle)) {
...
}
$packet = $resolver->bgread($handle);
Returns true while awaiting the response or for the transaction to time out.
The argument is the handle returned by C<bgsend()>.
Truncated UDP packets will be retried transparently using TCP while
continuing to assert busy to the caller.
=head2 bgisready
until ($resolver->bgisready($handle)) {
...
}
C<bgisready()> is the logical complement of C<bgbusy()> which is retained
for backward compatibility.
=head2 debug
print 'debug flag: ', $resolver->debug, "\n";
$resolver->debug(1);
Get or set the debug flag.
If set, calls to C<search()>, C<query()>, and C<send()> will print
debugging information on the standard output.
The default is false.
=head2 defnames
print 'defnames flag: ', $resolver->defnames, "\n";
$resolver->defnames(0);
Get or set the defnames flag.
If true, calls to C<query()> will append the default domain to
resolve names that are not fully qualified.
The default is true.
=head2 dnsrch
print 'dnsrch flag: ', $resolver->dnsrch, "\n";
$resolver->dnsrch(0);
Get or set the dnsrch flag.
If true, calls to C<search()> will apply the search list to resolve
names that are not fully qualified.
The default is true.
=head2 domain
$domain = $resolver->domain;
$resolver->domain( 'domain.example' );
Gets or sets the resolver default domain.
=head2 igntc
print 'igntc flag: ', $resolver->igntc, "\n";
$resolver->igntc(1);
Get or set the igntc flag.
If true, truncated packets will be ignored.
If false, the query will be retried using TCP.
The default is false.
=head2 nameserver, nameservers
@nameservers = $resolver->nameservers();
$resolver->nameservers( '2001:DB8::1', '192.0.2.1' );
$resolver->nameservers( 'ns.domain.example.' );
Gets or sets the nameservers to be queried.
Also see the IPv6 transport notes below
=head2 persistent_tcp
print 'Persistent TCP flag: ', $resolver->persistent_tcp, "\n";
$resolver->persistent_tcp(1);
Get or set the persistent TCP setting.
If true, L<Net::DNS> will keep a TCP socket open for each host:port
to which it connects.
This is useful if you are using TCP and need to make a lot of queries
or updates to the same nameserver.
The default is false unless you are running a SOCKSified Perl,
in which case the default is true.
=head2 persistent_udp
print 'Persistent UDP flag: ', $resolver->persistent_udp, "\n";
$resolver->persistent_udp(1);
Get or set the persistent UDP setting.
If true, a L<Net::DNS> resolver will use the same UDP socket
for all queries within each address family.
This avoids the cost of creating and tearing down UDP sockets,
but also defeats source port randomisation.
=head2 port
print 'sending queries to port ', $resolver->port, "\n";
$resolver->port(9732);
Gets or sets the port to which queries are sent.
Convenient for nameserver testing using a non-standard port.
The default is port 53.
=head2 recurse
print 'recursion flag: ', $resolver->recurse, "\n";
$resolver->recurse(0);
Get or set the recursion flag.
If true, this will direct nameservers to perform a recursive query.
The default is true.
=head2 retrans
print 'retrans interval: ', $resolver->retrans, "\n";
$resolver->retrans(3);
Get or set the retransmission interval
The default is 5 seconds.
=head2 retry
print 'number of tries: ', $resolver->retry, "\n";
$resolver->retry(2);
Get or set the number of times to try the query.
The default is 4.
=head2 searchlist
@searchlist = $resolver->searchlist;
$resolver->searchlist( 'a.example', 'b.example', 'c.example' );
Gets or sets the resolver search list.
=head2 srcaddr
$resolver->srcaddr('2001::DB8::1');
Sets the source address from which queries are sent.
Convenient for forcing queries from a specific interface on a
multi-homed host. The default is to use any local address.
=head2 srcport
$resolver->srcport(5353);
Sets the port from which queries are sent.
The default is 0, meaning any port.
=head2 tcp_timeout
print 'TCP timeout: ', $resolver->tcp_timeout, "\n";
$resolver->tcp_timeout(10);
Get or set the TCP timeout in seconds.
The default is 120 seconds (2 minutes).
=head2 udp_timeout
print 'UDP timeout: ', $resolver->udp_timeout, "\n";
$resolver->udp_timeout(10);
Get or set the bgsend() UDP timeout in seconds.
The default is 30 seconds.
=head2 udppacketsize
print "udppacketsize: ", $resolver->udppacketsize, "\n";
$resolver->udppacketsize(2048);
Get or set the UDP packet size.
If set to a value not less than the default DNS packet size,
an EDNS extension will be added indicating support for
large UDP datagrams.
=head2 usevc
print 'usevc flag: ', $resolver->usevc, "\n";
$resolver->usevc(1);
Get or set the usevc flag.
If true, queries will be performed using virtual circuits (TCP)
instead of datagrams (UDP).
The default is false.
=head2 replyfrom
print 'last response was from: ', $resolver->replyfrom, "\n";
Returns the IP address from which the most recent packet was
received in response to a query.
=head2 errorstring
print 'query status: ', $resolver->errorstring, "\n";
Returns a string containing error information from the most recent
DNS protocol interaction.
C<errorstring()> is meaningful only when interrogated immediately
after the corresponding method call.
=head2 dnssec
print "dnssec flag: ", $resolver->dnssec, "\n";
$resolver->dnssec(0);
The dnssec flag causes the resolver to transmit DNSSEC queries
and to add a EDNS0 record as required by RFC2671 and RFC3225.
The actions of, and response from, the remote nameserver is
determined by the settings of the AD and CD flags.
Calling the C<dnssec()> method with a non-zero value will also set the
UDP packet size to the default value of 2048. If that is too small or
too big for your environment, you should call the C<udppacketsize()>
method immediately after.
$resolver->dnssec(1); # DNSSEC using default packetsize
$resolver->udppacketsize(1250); # lower the UDP packet size
A fatal exception will be raised if the C<dnssec()> method is called
but the L<Net::DNS::SEC> library has not been installed.
=head2 adflag
$resolver->dnssec(1);
$resolver->adflag(1);
print "authentication desired flag: ", $resolver->adflag, "\n";
Gets or sets the AD bit for dnssec queries. This bit indicates that
the caller is interested in the returned AD (authentic data) bit but
does not require any dnssec RRs to be included in the response.
The default value is false.
=head2 cdflag
$resolver->dnssec(1);
$resolver->cdflag(1);
print "checking disabled flag: ", $resolver->cdflag, "\n";
Gets or sets the CD bit for dnssec queries. This bit indicates that
authentication by upstream nameservers should be suppressed.
Any dnssec RRs required to execute the authentication procedure
should be included in the response.
The default value is false.
=head2 tsig
$resolver->tsig( $tsig );
$resolver->tsig( 'Khmac-sha1.example.+161+24053.private' );
$resolver->tsig( 'Khmac-sha1.example.+161+24053.key' );
$resolver->tsig( 'Khmac-sha1.example.+161+24053.key',
fudge => 60
);
$resolver->tsig( $key_name, $key );
$resolver->tsig( undef );
Set the TSIG record used to automatically sign outgoing queries, zone
transfers and updates. Automatic signing is disabled if called with
undefined arguments.
The default resolver behaviour is not to sign any packets. You must
call this method to set the key if you would like the resolver to
sign and verify packets automatically.
Packets can also be signed manually; see the L<Net::DNS::Packet>
and L<Net::DNS::Update> manual pages for examples. TSIG records
in manually-signed packets take precedence over those that the
resolver would add automatically.
=head1 ENVIRONMENT
The following environment variables can also be used to configure
the resolver:
=head2 RES_NAMESERVERS
# Bourne Shell
RES_NAMESERVERS="2001:DB8::1 192.0.2.1"
export RES_NAMESERVERS
# C Shell
setenv RES_NAMESERVERS "2001:DB8::1 192.0.2.1"
A space-separated list of nameservers to query.
=head2 RES_SEARCHLIST
# Bourne Shell
RES_SEARCHLIST="a.example.com b.example.com c.example.com"
export RES_SEARCHLIST
# C Shell
setenv RES_SEARCHLIST "a.example.com b.example.com c.example.com"
A space-separated list of domains to put in the search list.
=head2 LOCALDOMAIN
# Bourne Shell
LOCALDOMAIN=example.com
export LOCALDOMAIN
# C Shell
setenv LOCALDOMAIN example.com
The default domain.
=head2 RES_OPTIONS
# Bourne Shell
RES_OPTIONS="retrans:3 retry:2 inet6"
export RES_OPTIONS
# C Shell
setenv RES_OPTIONS "retrans:3 retry:2 inet6"
A space-separated list of resolver options to set. Options that
take values are specified as C<option:value>.
=head1 IPv4 TRANSPORT
The C<force_v4()>, C<force_v6()>, C<prefer_v4()>, and C<prefer_v6()> methods
with non-zero argument may be used to configure transport selection.
The behaviour of the C<nameserver()> method illustrates the transport
selection mechanism. If, for example, IPv4 transport has been forced,
the C<nameserver()> method will only return IPv4 addresses:
$resolver->nameservers( '192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.2', '2001:DB8::3' );
$resolver->force_v4(1);
print join ' ', $resolver->nameservers();
will print
192.0.2.1 192.0.2.2
=head1 CUSTOMISED RESOLVERS
Net::DNS::Resolver is actually an empty subclass. At compile time a
super class is chosen based on the current platform. A side benefit of
this allows for easy modification of the methods in Net::DNS::Resolver.
You can simply add a method to the namespace!
For example, if we wanted to cache lookups:
package Net::DNS::Resolver;
my %cache;
sub search {
$self = shift;
$cache{"@_"} ||= $self->SUPER::search(@_);
}
=head1 COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c)1997-2000 Michael Fuhr.
Portions Copyright (c)2002-2004 Chris Reinhardt.
Portions Copyright (c)2005 Olaf M. Kolkman, NLnet Labs.
Portions Copyright (c)2014,2015 Dick Franks.
All rights reserved.
=head1 LICENSE
Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided
that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that
copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting
documentation, and that the name of the author not be used in advertising
or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific
prior written permission.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
=head1 SEE ALSO
L<perl>, L<Net::DNS>, L<Net::DNS::Packet>, L<Net::DNS::Update>,
L<Net::DNS::Header>, L<Net::DNS::Question>, L<Net::DNS::RR>,
L<resolver(5)>, RFC 1034, RFC 1035
=cut
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