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<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="usingDbt"></a>Reading and Writing Database Records</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div></div>
</div>
<p>
When reading and writing database records, be aware that there are some
slight differences in behavior depending on whether your database supports duplicate
records. Two or more database records are considered to be duplicates of
one another if they share the same key. The collection of records
sharing the same key are called a <span class="emphasis"><em>duplicates set.</em></span>
<span>
In DB, a given key is stored only once for a single duplicates set.
</span>
</p>
<p>
By default, DB databases do
not support duplicate records. Where duplicate records are supported,
cursors (see below) are <span>typically</span> used
to access all of the records in the duplicates set.
</p>
<p>
DB provides two basic mechanisms for the storage and retrieval of database
key/data pairs:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc">
<li>
<p>
The
<tt class="methodname">Db::put()</tt>
and
<tt class="methodname">Db::get()</tt>
methods provide the easiest access for all non-duplicate records in the database.
These methods are described in this section.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Cursors provide several methods for putting and getting database
records. Cursors and their database access methods are described in
<a href="Cursors.html">Using Cursors</a>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="databaseWrite"></a>Writing Records to the Database</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div></div>
</div>
<p>
Records are stored in the database using whatever organization is
required by the access method that you have selected. In some cases (such as
BTree), records are stored in a sort order that you may want to define
(see <a href="btree.html#comparators">Setting Comparison Functions</a> for more information).
</p>
<p>
In any case, the mechanics of putting and getting database records do not
change once you have selected your access method, configured your
sorting routines (if any), and opened your database. From your
code's perspective, a simple database put and get is largely the
same no matter what access method you are using.
</p>
<p>
You use
<tt class="methodname">Db::put()</tt>
to put, or write, a database record. This method requires you to provide
the record's key and data in the form of a pair of
<span><tt class="methodname">Dbt</tt> objects.</span>
You can also provide one or more flags that control DB's behavior
for the database write.
</p>
<p>
Of the flags available to this method, <tt class="literal">DB_NOOVERWRITE</tt>
may be interesting to you. This flag disallows overwriting (replacing)
an existing record in the database. If the provided key already exists
in the database, then this method returns <tt class="literal">DB_KEYEXIST</tt> even if
the database supports duplicates.
</p>
<p>
For example:
</p>
<a id="cxx_dbt3"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">#include <db_cxx.h>
#include <string.h>
...
char *description = "Grocery bill.";
float money = 122.45;
Db my_database(NULL, 0);
// Database open omitted for clarity
Dbt key(&money, sizeof(float));
Dbt data(description, strlen(description) + 1);
int ret = my_database.put(NULL, &key, &data, DB_NOOVERWRITE);
if (ret == DB_KEYEXIST) {
my_database.err(ret, "Put failed because key %f already exists", money);
}</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="CoreDatabaseRead"></a>Getting Records from the Database</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div></div>
</div>
<p>
You can use the
<tt class="methodname">Db::get()</tt>
method to retrieve database records. Note that if your
database supports duplicate records, then by default this method will only
return the first record in a duplicate set. For this reason, if your
database supports duplicates, the common solution is to use a cursor to retrieve
records from it. Cursors are described in <a href="Cursors.html">Using Cursors</a>.
</p>
<p>
(You can also retrieve a set of duplicate records using a bulk get.
To do this, you use the <tt class="literal">DB_MULTIPLE</tt> flag on the
call to
<span><tt class="methodname">Db::get()</tt>.</span>
For more information, see the DB Programmer's Reference Guide).
</p>
<p>
By default,
<tt class="methodname">Db::get()</tt>
returns the first record found whose key matches the key
provide on the call to this method. If your database supports
duplicate records, you can change this behavior slightly by supplying
the <tt class="literal">DB_GET_BOTH</tt> flag. This flag causes
<tt class="methodname">DB::get()</tt>
to return the first record that matches the provided key and data.
</p>
<p>
If the specified key and/or data does not exist in the database, this
method returns <tt class="literal">DB_NOTFOUND</tt>.
</p>
<a id="cxx_dbt4"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">#include <db_cxx.h>
#include <string.h>
...
float money;
char description[DESCRIPTION_SIZE + 1];
Db my_database(NULL, 0);
// Database open omitted for clarity
money = 122.45;
Dbt key, data;
key.set_data(&money);
key.set_size(sizeof(float));
data.set_data(description);
data.set_ulen(DESCRIPTION_SIZE + 1);
data.set_flags(DB_DBT_USERMEM);
my_database.get(NULL, &key, &data, 0);
// Description is set into the memory that we supplied. </pre>
<p>
Note that in this example, the
<tt class="literal">data.size</tt>
field would be automatically set to the size of the retrieved data.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="recordDelete"></a>Deleting Records</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div></div>
</div>
<p>
You can use the
<tt class="methodname">Db::del()</tt>
method to delete a record from the database. If your database supports
duplicate records, then all records associated with the provided key are
deleted. To delete just one record from a list of duplicates, use a
cursor. Cursors are described in <a href="Cursors.html">Using Cursors</a>.
</p>
<p>
You can also delete every record in the database by using
<tt class="methodname">Db::truncate().</tt>
</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<a id="cxx_dbt5"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">#include <db_cxx.h>
...
Db my_database(NULL, 0);
// Database open omitted for clarity
float money = 122.45;
Dbt key(&money, sizeof(float));
my_database.del(NULL, &key, 0);</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="datapersist"></a>Data Persistence</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div></div>
</div>
<p>
When you perform a database modification, your modification is made
in the in-memory cache. This means that your data modifications
are not necessarily flushed to disk, and so your data may not appear
in the database after an application restart.
</p>
<p>
Note that as a normal part of closing a database, its cache is
written to disk. However, in the event of an application or system
failure, there is no guarantee that your databases will close
cleanly. In this event, it is possible for you to lose data. Under
extremely rare circumstances, it is also possible for you to
experience database corruption.
</p>
<p>
Therefore, if you care if your data is durable across system
failures, and to guard against the rare possibility of
database corruption, you should use transactions to protect your
database modifications. Every time you commit a transaction, DB
ensures that the data will not be lost due to application or
system failure. Transaction usage is described in the
<span>
<i class="citetitle">Berkeley DB Getting Started with Transaction Processing</i> guide.
</span>
</p>
<p>
If you do not want to use transactions, then the assumption is that
your data is of a nature that it need not exist the next time your
application starts. You may want this if, for example, you are using
DB to cache data relevant only to the current application
runtime.
</p>
<p>
If, however, you are not using transactions for some reason and you
still want some guarantee that your database modifications are
persistent, then you should periodically
<span>call <tt class="methodname">Db::sync()</tt>.</span>
Syncs cause any dirty entries in the in-memory cache and the
operating system's file cache to be written to disk. As
such, they are quite expensive and you should use them sparingly.
</p>
<p>
Remember that by default a sync is performed any time a non-transactional
database is closed cleanly. (You can override this behavior by
specifying
<tt class="literal">DB_NOSYNC</tt>
on the call to
<span><tt class="methodname">Db::close()</tt>.)</span>
That said, you can manually run a sync by calling
<tt class="methodname">Db::sync().</tt>
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
If your application or system crashes and you are not using
transactions, then you should either discard and recreate your
databases, or verify them. You can verify a database using
<span>Db::verify().</span>
If your databases do not verify cleanly, use the
<span><b class="command">db_dump</b></span> command to salvage as much of the
database as is possible. Use either the <tt class="literal">-R</tt> or
<tt class="literal">-r</tt> command line options to control how
aggressive <span><b class="command">db_dump</b></span> should be when salvaging
your databases.
</p>
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