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<html><head> <title>Recording the Priority of Syslog Messages</title> <meta name="KEYWORDS" content="syslog, mysql, syslog to mysql, howto"> </head> <body> <h1>Recording the Priority of Syslog Messages</h1> <P><small><i>Written by <a href="http://www.adiscon.com/en/people/rainer-gerhards.php">Rainer Gerhards</a> (2007-06-18)</i></small></P> <h2>Abstract</h2> <p><i><b>The so-called priority (PRI) is very important in syslog messages, because almost all filtering in syslog.conf is based on it.</b> However, many syslogds (including the Linux stock sysklogd) do not provide a way to record that value. In this article, I'll give a brief overview of how PRI can be written to a log file.</i></p> <h2>Background</h2> <p>The PRI value is a combination of so-called severity and facility. The facility indicates where the message originated from (e.g. kernel, mail subsystem) while the severity provides a glimpse of how important the message might be (e.g. error or informational). Be careful with these values: they are in no way consistent across applications (especially severity). However, they still form the basis of most filtering in syslog.conf. For example, the directive (aka "selector line)</p> <p align="center"> <code>mail.* /var/log/mail.log</code> </p> <p>means that messages with the mail facility should be stored to /var/log/mail.log, no matter which severity indicator they have (that is telling us the asterisk). If you set up complex conditions, it can be annoying to find out which PRI value a specific syslog message has. Most stock syslogds do not provide any way to record them.</p> <h2>How is it done?</h2> <p>With <a href="http://www.rsyslog.com/">rsyslog</a>, PRI recording is simple. All you need is the correct template. Even if you do not use rsyslog on a regular basis, it might be a handy tool for finding out the priority.</p> <p>Rsyslog provides a flexible system to specify the output formats. It is template-based. A template with the traditional syslog format looks as follows:</p> <p align="center"> <code>$template TraditionalFormat,"%timegenerated% %HOSTNAME% %syslogtag%%msg:::drop-last-lf%\n"</code> </p> <p>The part in quotes is the output formats. Things between percent-signs are so-called <a href="property_replacer.html">messages properties</a>. They are replaced with the respective content from the syslog message when output is written. Everything outside of the percent signs is literal text, which is simply written as specified.</p> <p>Thankfully, rsyslog provides message properties for the priority. These are called "PRI", "syslogfacility" and "syslogpriority" (case is important!). They are numerical values. Starting with rsyslog 1.13.4, there is also a property "pri-text", which contains the priority in friendly text format (e.g. "local0.err<133>"). For the rest of this article, I assume that you run version 1.13.4 or higher.</p> <p>Recording the priority is now a simple matter of adding the respective field to the template. It now looks like this:</p> <p align="center"> <code>$template TraditionalFormatWithPRI,"%pri-text%: %timegenerated% %HOSTNAME% %syslogtag%%msg:::drop-last-lf%\n"</code> </p> <p>Now we have the right template - but how to write it to a file? You probably have a line like this in your syslog.conf:</p> <p align="center"><code>*.* -/var/log/messages.log</code></p> <p>It does not specify a template. Consequently, rsyslog uses the traditional format. In order to use some other format, simply specify the template after the semicolon:</p> <p align="center"><code>*.* -/var/log/messages.log;TraditionalFormatWithPRI</code></p> <p>That's all you need to do. There is one common pitfall: you need to define the template before you use it in a selector line. Otherwise, you will receive an error.</p> <p>Once you have applied the changes, you need to restart rsyslogd. It will then pick the new configuration.</p> <h2>What if I do not want rsyslogd to be the standard syslogd?</h2> <p>If you do not want to switch to rsyslog, you can still use it as a setup aid. A little bit of configuration is required.</p> <ol> <li>Download, make and install rsyslog</li> <li>copy your syslog.conf over to rsyslog.conf</li> <li>add the template described above to it; select the file that should use it</li> <li>stop your regular syslog daemon for the time being</li> <li>run rsyslogd (you may even do this interactively by calling it with the -n additional option from a shell)</li> <li>stop rsyslogd (press ctrl-c when running interactively)</li> <li>restart your regular syslogd</li> </ol> <p>That's it - you can now review the priorities.</p> <h2>Some Sample Data</h2> <p>Below is some sample data created with the template specified above. Note the priority recording at the start of each line.</p> <p> <code>kern.info<6>: Jun 15 18:10:38 host kernel: PCI: Sharing IRQ 11 with 00:04.0<br> kern.info<6>: Jun 15 18:10:38 host kernel: PCI: Sharing IRQ 11 with 01:00.0<br> kern.warn<4>: Jun 15 18:10:38 host kernel: Yenta IRQ list 06b8, PCI irq11<br> kern.warn<4>: Jun 15 18:10:38 host kernel: Socket status: 30000006<br> kern.warn<4>: Jun 15 18:10:38 host kernel: Yenta IRQ list 06b8, PCI irq11<br> kern.warn<4>: Jun 15 18:10:38 host kernel: Socket status: 30000010<br> kern.info<6>: Jun 15 18:10:38 host kernel: cs: IO port probe 0x0c00-0x0cff: clean.<br> kern.info<6>: Jun 15 18:10:38 host kernel: cs: IO port probe 0x0100-0x04ff: excluding 0x100-0x107 0x378-0x37f 0x4d0-0x4d7<br> kern.info<6>: Jun 15 18:10:38 host kernel: cs: IO port probe 0x0a00-0x0aff: clean.<br> local7.notice<189>: Jun 15 18:17:24 host dd: 1+0 records out<br> local7.notice<189>: Jun 15 18:17:24 host random: Saving random seed: succeeded<br> local7.notice<189>: Jun 15 18:17:25 host portmap: portmap shutdown succeeded<br> local7.notice<189>: Jun 15 18:17:25 host network: Shutting down interface eth1: succeeded<br> local7.notice<189>: Jun 15 18:17:25 host network: Shutting down loopback interface: succeeded<br> local7.notice<189>: Jun 15 18:17:25 host pcmcia: Shutting down PCMCIA services: cardmgr<br> user.notice<13>: Jun 15 18:17:25 host /etc/hotplug/net.agent: NET unregister event not supported<br> local7.notice<189>: Jun 15 18:17:27 host pcmcia: modules.<br> local7.notice<189>: Jun 15 18:17:29 host rc: Stopping pcmcia: succeeded<br> local7.notice<189>: Jun 15 18:17:30 host rc: Starting killall: succeeded<br> syslog.info<46>: Jun 15 18:17:33 host [origin software="rsyslogd" swVersion="1.13.3" x-pid="2464"] exiting on signal 15.<br> syslog.info<46>: Jun 18 10:55:47 host [origin software="rsyslogd" swVersion="1.13.3" x-pid="2367"][x-configInfo udpReception="Yes" udpPort="514" tcpReception="Yes" tcpPort="1470"] restart<br> user.notice<13>: Jun 18 10:55:50 host rger: test<br> syslog.info<46>: Jun 18 10:55:52 host [origin software="rsyslogd" swVersion="1.13.3" x-pid="2367"] exiting on signal 2.</code></p> <h2>Feedback Requested</h2> <P>I would appreciate feedback on this paper. If you have additional ideas, comments or find bugs, please <a href="mailto:rgerhards@adiscon.com">let me know</a>.</P> <h2>References and Additional Material</h2> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.rsyslog.com">www.rsyslog.com</a> - the rsyslog site</li> </ul> <h2>Revision History</h2> <ul> <li>2007-06-18 * <a href="http://www.adiscon.com/en/people/rainer-gerhards.php">Rainer Gerhards</a> * initial version created</li> </ul> <h2>Copyright</h2> <p>Copyright (c) 2007 <a href="http://www.adiscon.com/en/people/rainer-gerhards.php">Rainer Gerhards</a> and <a href="http://www.adiscon.com/en/">Adiscon</a>.</p> <p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license can be viewed at <a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"> http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html</a>.</p> </body> </html>
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